2022考研英语一真题及答案解析（无法修改可打印）.docx

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1、2022考研英语一真题及答案解 析（完整版）凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates shouldrecruit professional advertisersA learn from advertisers experiencestay away from commercial advertisersB recognize the limitations of advertisementsIn the author s view, Rosenberg s book fails toA adequately p

2、robe social and biological factorseffectively evade the flaws of the social cureB illustrate the functions of state fundingDproduce a long-lasting social effect23. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviorsis harmful to our networks of friendsA will mislead behavioral studiesoccurs without our

3、 realizing it10第 页共58页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构can produce negative health habits24. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure isA harmfulB desirableC profoundD questionableA deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier

4、 in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont s rules

5、 in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2022, when11第 页共58页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构the corporation bought Vermont s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a c

6、ondition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2022. In 2022, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant s license be subject to Vermont legislature s approval. Then, too, the company went a

7、long.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Ver

8、mont Yankee s safety and Entergy s management - especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.12 第 页共58页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构Now the company is suddenly claiming that the

9、2022 agreement is invalid because of the 2022 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say

10、 that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to ha

11、ve concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear stat

12、ion13第 页共58页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are wo

13、rth.25. The phrase “reneging on” (Line 3.para.1)is closest in meaning toAcondemning.Breaffirming. Cdishonoring.D securing.26. By entering into the 2022 agreement, Entergy intended toobtain protection from Vermont regulators.A seek favor from the federal legislature.B acquire an extension of its busi

14、ness license. D get permission to purchase a power plant.27. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its14第 页共58页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构A managerial practices. B technical innovativeness.C financial goals. D business visionIn the author s view, the Vermont case will testA Entergy

15、s capacity to fulfill all its promises.B the mature of states patchwork regulations.C the federal authority over nuclear issues .D the limits of statespower over nuclearissues.28. It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatEntergy s business elsewhere might be affected.A the authority of the NRC

16、 will be defied.B Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.C Vermont s reputation might be damaged.15第 页共58页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method

17、 to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our exp

18、eriences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and accept

19、ance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher s me,16第 页共58页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构here, now becomes the community s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discover

20、y claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controllin

21、g the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation bet

22、ween shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual s discovery claim into the community s credible discovery.17 第 页共58页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspe

23、ct of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be imp

24、ortant and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “ seeing what everybody has seen and thinking

25、what nobody has thought/7 But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.18第 页共58页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构In the end, credibility “ happens to a di

26、scovery claim - a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other s reasoning and each other s conceptions of reason/29. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is c

27、haracterized by its A uncertainty and complexity.B misconception and deceptiveness.C logicality and objectivity.D systematicness and regularity.30. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requiresA strict inspection.Bsharedefforts.C individual wisdom.Dpersistentinnovation.33.Par

28、agraph 3 shows that a discovery claim19第 页共58页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several

29、instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is th

30、at the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitut

31、ion envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They2页共58页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构becomes credible after itA has attracted the attention of the general public.Bhas been examined by the scientific community.C has received recognition from editors and reviewers.Dhas been frequently quoted by

32、peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree thatA scientific claims will survive challenges. Bdiscoveries today inspire future research.C efforts to make discoveries are justified. Dscientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of th

33、e test?A Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.BCollective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.C Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.DChallenge to Credibility at the Gate to20第 页共58页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构Science.If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represen

34、t civil servant. When Hoffa s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2022 the number of unionists in America s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public

35、-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized. There are three reasons for the public-sector unions thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America s public-

36、sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been21 第 页共58页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position

37、to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a vari

38、ety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “ backloaded public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to hol

39、idays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced22第 页共58页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the t

40、eachers is the most important variable, teachers unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the ha

41、rdline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector wo

42、rkers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward23第 页共58页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.3

43、6. It can be learned from the first paragraph thatTeamsters still have a large body of members.A Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.B unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.Dthe government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragr

44、aph 2?A Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.B Education is required for public-sector union membership.C Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.DPublic-sector unions seldom get in trouble24第 页共58页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构for their actions.38. It can be learned from

45、 Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector isA illegally secured.B indirectlyaugmented.C excessively increased.Dfairlyadjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unionsAoften run against the current political system.BJcan change people s political attitudes.Cmay be a barrier

46、 to public-sector reforms.Dare dominant in the government.40. John Donahue s attitude towards the public-sector system is one ofAdisapproval. Bappreciation. Ctolerance. D indifference.Think of those fleeting moments when you look25第 页共58页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构out of an aeroplane window and realise tha

47、t you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of g

48、eniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st centurys culture machine. But