电气工程及其自动化专业英语 Chapter5 Computer.ppt

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1、Chapter 5 Computer Section 1 Computer Basics n Textn New Words and Expressionsn Exercisesn Endn Addition or Omission of Words Most people can formulate a mental picture of a computer,but computers do so many things and come in such a variety of shapes and sizes that it might seem difficult to distil

2、l their common characteristics into an all-purpose definition.At its core,a computer is a device that accepts input,processes data,stores data,and produces output,all according to a series of stored instructions.Section 1 Computer BasicsSection 1 Computer Basics.Computer input is whatever is put int

3、o a computer system.Input can be supplied by a person,by the environment,or by another computer.Examples of the kinds of input that a computer can accept include the words and symbols in a document,numbers for a calculation,pictures,temperatures from a thermostat,audio signals from a microphone,and

4、instructions from a computer program.An input device,such as a keyboard or mouse,gathers input and transforms it into a series of electronic signals for the computer.Section 1 Computer Basics In the context of computing,data refers to the symbols that represent facts,objects,and ideas.Computers mani

5、pulate data in many ways,and we call this manipulation processing.The series of instructions that tell a computer how to carry out processing tasks is referred to as a computer program,or simply a program.These programs form the software that sets up a computer to do a specific task.In a computer,mo

6、st processing takes place in a component called the central processing unit(CPU),which is sometimes described as theSection 1 Computer Basicsbrain of the computer.A computer stores data so that it will be available for processing.Most computers have more than one location for storing data,depending

7、on how the data is being used.Memory is an area of a computer that temporarily holds data that is waiting to be processed,stored,or output.Storage is the area where data can be left on a permanent basis when it is not immediately needed for processing.Section 1 Computer BasicsOutput is the results p

8、roduced by a computer.Some examples of computer output include reports,documents,music,graphs,and pictures.An output device displays,prints,or transmits the results of processing.Computers are versatile machines,which are able to perform a truly amazing assortment of tasks,but some types of computer

9、 are better suited to certain tasks than other types of computers.Computers can be categorized as personal computer,handheld computers,workstations,mainframes,supercomputers,and servers.Section 1 Computer BasicsA personal computer is a type of microcomputer,designed to meet the computing needs of an

10、 individual.It typically provides access to a wide variety of computing applications,such as word processing,photo editing,e-mail,and Internet access.Personal computers are available as desktop computers or notebook computers.Section 1 Computer Basics A handheld computer is designed to fit into a po

11、cket,run on batteries,and be used while you are holding it.Also called a PDA(Personal Digital Assistant)and a palmtop computer,a computer in this category is typically used as an electronic appointment book,address book,calculator,and notepad.With its slow processing speed and small screen,a handhel

12、d compute is not powerful enough to handle many of the tasks that can be accomplished by desktop or notebook personal computers.A handheld computer is designed to beSection 1 Computer Basicsa computing accessory,rather than your primary computer.Computers advertised as workstation are usually powerf

13、ul desktop computers designed for specialized tasks.A workstation can tackle tasks that require a lot of processing speed,such as medical imaging and computer-aided design.Some workstations contain more than one microprocessor,and most have circuitry specially designed for creating and displaying th

14、ree-dimensional and animated graphics.Because of its cost,Section 1 Computer Basicsa workstation is often dedicated to design tasks,and is not used for typical microcomputer applications,such as word processing,photo editing,and accessing the Web.Ordinary personal computers that are connected to a l

15、ocal area network can also be called as workstations.A computer network is two or more computers and other devices that are connected for the purpose of sharing data and programs.A LAN(local area network)is simply a computer network that is located within a limited geographical area,Section 1 Comput

16、er Basicssuch as a school computer lab or a small business.A mainframe computer(or simply a mainframe)is a large and expensive computer that is capable of simultaneously processing data for hundreds or thousands of users.Mainframes are generally used by businesses or governments to provide centraliz

17、ed storage,processing,and management for large amounts of data.Mainframes remain the computer of choice in situations where reliability,data security,and centralized control are necessary.Section 1 Computer BasicsA computer falls into the supercomputer category if it is,at the time of construction,o

18、ne of the fastest computers in the world.Because of their speed,supercomputers can tackle complex tasks that just would not be practical for other computers.Typical uses for supercomputers include breaking codes,modeling worldwide weather systems,and simulating nuclear explosions.One impressive simu

19、lation designed to run on a supercomputer tracked the movement of thousands of dust particles as they were tossed about by a tornado.Section 1 Computer Basics In the computer industry,the term server has several meanings.It can refer to computer hardware,to a specific type of software,or to a combin

20、ation of hardware and software.In any case,the purpose of a server is to serve the computers on a network(such as the Internet or a LAN)by supplying them with data.A personal computer,workstation,or software that requests data from a server is referred to as a client.For example,on a network,a serve

21、r might respond to a clients request for a Web page.Another server might handle the.Section 1 Computer Basicssteady stream of e-mail that travels among clients from all over the Internet.A server might also allow clients within a LAN to share files or access a centralized printer.PERSONAL COMPUTER S

22、YSTEMS A computer system usually refers to a computer and all of the input,output,and storage devices that are connected to it.At the core of a personal computer system is a desktop or notebook computer.Despite cosmetic differences among personal computers,a personal computer system usually includes

23、 the following equipment:Section 1 Computer Basics（1）Computer system unit.The system unit is the case that holds the main circuit boards,microprocessor,power supply,and storage devices.The system unit for most notebook computers holds a built-in keyboard and speakers too.（2）Display device.Most deskt

24、op computers use a separate monitor as a display device,whereas notebook computers use an flat panel LCD screen(liquid crystal display screen)that is attached to the system unit.Section 1 Computer Basics（3）Keyboard.Most computers are equipped with a keyboard as the primary input device.（4）Mouse.A mo

25、use is an alternative input device designed to manipulate on-screen graphical objects and controls.（5）Floppy disk drive.A floppy disk drive is a storage device that reads data from and writes data to floppy disks.A floppy disk is a round piece of flexible mylar plastic covered with a thin layer of m

26、agnetic oxide and sealed inside a protective casing.The floppies most commonly used onSection 1 Computer Basicstodays personal computers are 3 1/2 disks with a capacity of 1.44MB.（6）Hard disk drive.A hard disk contains one or more metallic disks encased within a disk drive,which can store billions o

27、f characters of data in the form of magnetized spots.The storage capacity of a hard-disk unit is many times that of a floppy disk and much faster.It is usually mounted inside the computers system unit.Section 1 Computer Basics（7）CD-ROM or DVD drive.A CD-ROM(compact disc read-only memory)drive isor a

28、udio CDs.A DVD(digital video disc)drive can read data from computer CDs,audio CDs,computer DVDs,or DVD movie disks.CD-ROM and DVD drives typically cannot be used to write data onto disks.The RO in ROM stands for read-only and means that the drive can read data from disks,but cannot be used to store

29、new data on them.（8）CD-writer.Many computers-especially desktop modelsinclude a CD-writer that can be used to create and copy CDs.Section 1 Computer Basics（9）Sound card and speakers.Desktop computers have a rudimentary built-in speaker thats mostly limited to playing beeps.A small circuit board,call

30、ed a sound card,is required for high-quality music,narration,and sound effects.A desktop computers sound card sends signals to external speakers.A notebooks sound card sends signals to speakers that are built into the notebook system unit.（10）Modem.Virtually every personal computer system includes a

31、 built-in modem that can be usedSection 1 Computer Basicsto establish an Internet connection using a standard telephone line.（11）Printer.A computer printer is an output device that produces computer-generated text or graphical images on paper.In addition to these equipment mentioned above,some other

32、 peripheral devices might be added to a computer system to enhance its functionality,such as a digital camera,scanner,joystick,or graphics tabletReturnNew Words and Expressionsdistill提取精华，蒸馏instruction 指令document n.文件thermostat 恒温器，定温器，温度自动调节器audio signal n.声频信号，音频信号program n.程序keyboard n.键盘software

33、 n.软件New Words and Expressionscentral processing unit 中央处理单元workstation n.工作站videogame console视频游戏操作板mainframen.主机，主机架supercomputer超级计算机server服务器 client客户microcomputer 微型计算机desktop computer 台式计算机New Words and Expressionsnotebook computer笔记本电脑handheld computer掌上电脑computer-aided计算机辅助的three-dimensional

34、三维的animated graphics动画图像local area network (LAN)局域网LCD screen(liquid crystal display screen)液晶显示屏display device显示设备New Words and Expressionsmouse n.鼠标floppy disk drive 软盘驱动器hard disk drive 硬盘驱动器CD-ROM drive CD-ROM驱动器DVD driveDVD驱动器CD-writer CD写入器，刻录机sound card 声卡rudimentarya.基本的，基础的，初步的，根本的New Words

35、 and Expressionsbuilt-ina.嵌入的，安装在内部的，内装的，机内的modem n.调制解调器peripheral device外围设备scannern.扫描仪digital camera数码相机joystickn.控制杆graphics tablet图形板operating system操作系统ReturnAddition and Omission of Words1.1.连词的省略连词的省略 英语中连词用得比较多，也比较严格，凡两个以上并列成分或并列句子都需要用连词连接。汉语则没有这种要求，时常可以省略。(1)Like charges repel each other

36、while opposite charges attract.同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。(2)Commercial business is very profitable,and most radio and TV stations depend on the income.广告是很挣钱的生意，大部分电台和电视台都是靠广告费收入而生存的。Addition and Omission of Words1.1.连词的省略连词的省略(3)As the definition is quite clear,there is nothing more to be explained.定义很清楚，因此不必再

37、加以解释了。Addition and Omission of Words2.2.介词的省略介词的省略 英语中介词的使用较多，句中词与词之间的关系多用介词表示，而汉语则不同，主要是通过语序与逻辑关系来表示。因此，在翻译时可以省略介词。(1)In the transmission of electric power a high voltage is necessary.远距离输电必须用高压(2)The critical temperature is different for different kinds of steel.不同种类的钢，临界温度各不相同。Addition and Omissi

38、on of Words2.2.介词的省略介词的省略(3)In the absence of force,a body will either remain at rest,or continue to move with constant speed in a straight line.尚无外力作用，物体则保持其静止状态，或做匀速直线运动。ReturnExercises I.Choose the best answer into the blank 1.A computer works automatically according to .A.a series of stored inst

39、ructions B.a series of instructions given by operators C.a CPU D.another computer2.A keyboard or a mouse is device.A.an outputB.an input C.a storageD.a data processingExercises I.Choose the best answer into the blank 3.The computer network for a university is usually described as .A.a city area B.a

40、wide area network C.a local area networkD.an Internet network4.A computer that requests data from a server is called as .A.serverB.client C.workstationD.terminationExercises I.Choose the best answer into the blank 5.A hard disk is referred to as device.A.an outputB.an input C.a storageD.a data proce

41、ssingExercises II.Answer the following questions according to the text 1.Why is the central processing unit(CPU)sometimes described as the brain of the computer?2.Which kinds can computers be categorized as?3.Why do handled computers not take the place of desktop computers?4.How many meanings does t

42、he term server have?5.Which equipment is usually included in a personal computer system?Exercises III.Translate the following into Chinese A computer can be applied to many tasks,such as writing,number crunching,video editing,online shopping,etc.Computer software is also a core part of a computer sy

43、stem,because a computer cannot work without any computer software,or cannot work efficiently without appropriate software.A computer program is a sequence of detailed instructions designed to direct a computer to perform certain functions.These pre-written stored programs enable a computer to receiv

44、e input,storeExercises III.Translate the following into Chinese information(data),make decisions arithmetically,manipulate and output data in the correct sequence and format.These programs are referred to as software.Software is generally categorized as either system software or application software

45、.The primary purpose of application software is to help people carry out specific tasks stored programs using a computer,and that of system softwareyour computers operating system,device drivers,Exercises III.Translate the following into Chinese and utilitiesis to help the computer carry out its bas

46、ic operating functions.ReturnChapter 5Section 1 EndSection 2 Microprocessor and Memoryn Textn New Words and Expressionsn Exercisesn Endn Addition or Omission of Chinese wordsSection 2 Microprocessor and MemoryMicroprocessor A microprocessor(sometimes simply referred to as a processor)is an integrate

47、d circuit designed to process instructions.It is the most important component of a computer,and usually the most expensive single component,containing as 50 million miniaturized electronic components.The miniaturized circuitry in a microprocessor is grouped into important functional areas,such as th

48、e ALU and the control unit.Section 2 Microprocessor and Memory The ALU(arithmetic logic unit)performs arithmetic operations,such as addition and subtraction.It also performs logical operations,such as comparing two numbers to see if they are the same.The ALU uses registers to hold data that is being

49、 processed.The microprocessors control unit fetches each instruction.The computer loads data into the ALUs registers.Finally,the control unit gives the ALU the green light to begin processing.Section 2 Microprocessor and Memory The performance of a microprocessor is affected by several factors,inclu

50、ding clock speed,word size,cache size,instruction set,and processing techniques.The speed specifications that you see in a computer ad indicate the speed of the microprocessor clocka timing device that sets the pace for executing instructions.Most computer ads specify the speed of a microprocessor i