冠脉造影的规范操.ppt
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1、冠脉造影的规范操作冠脉造影的规范操作中国医学科学院中国医学科学院 阜外心血管病医院阜外心血管病医院杨跃进杨跃进 20092009年介入沙龙(年介入沙龙(CISC 2009CISC 2009)北京北京 09-2-2009-2-20冠脉造影冠脉造影n仍是仍是诊断断CHDCHD的的“金金标准准”n是是PCIPCI操作技操作技术的基的基础n经动脉系脉系统操作:有血栓栓塞操作:有血栓栓塞风险n导管管进入冠脉内:有入冠脉内:有损伤冠脉口的冠脉口的风险n需引需引导导丝前引,有前引,有损伤血管的血管的风险n需穿刺外周需穿刺外周动脉、置入或拔出鞘管,有出血、血脉、置入或拔出鞘管,有出血、血肿的的风险n导管直接管
2、直接进出血液循出血液循环系系统,有感染,有感染风险n需使用需使用对比比剂,有,有过敏和敏和对比比剂肾病病风险因此,规范操作十分重要因此,规范操作十分重要Left coronary distributionDominant LCXWrap-around LAD冠状动脉血管树解剖示意图1.1.左主干左主干12.12.圆锥支圆锥支2.2.前降支近段前降支近段13.13.右冠状动脉近段右冠状动脉近段3.3.前降支中段前降支中段14.14.右冠状动脉中段右冠状动脉中段4.4.前降支远段前降支远段15.15.右冠状动脉远段右冠状动脉远段5.5.第一对角支第一对角支16.16.房室结动脉房室结动脉6.6.第
3、二对角支第二对角支17.17.后降支后降支7.7.回旋支近段回旋支近段18.18.左心室支左心室支8.8.回旋支远段回旋支远段19.19.右心室支右心室支9.9.钝缘支钝缘支20.20.锐缘支锐缘支10.10.后降支后降支21.21.室间隔穿支室间隔穿支11.11.窦房结动脉窦房结动脉22.22.左心房支左心房支Coronary Anomalyn定定义?是将冠造是将冠造风险降至最低甚至可避免的合理操作降至最低甚至可避免的合理操作n原原则:需有效降低上述:需有效降低上述风险甚至潜在甚至潜在风险l穿刺血管穿刺血管损伤l沿途沿途动脉脉损伤l冠脉冠脉损伤l心肌缺血心肌缺血l过敏敏l感染感染l血栓栓塞血
4、栓栓塞规范操作:定义或原则?规范操作:定义或原则?冠脉造影的基本步骤(冠脉造影的基本步骤(1)n操作准操作准备l消毒、消毒、铺巾、准巾、准备心心电压力力连接接l穿刺、鞘管准穿刺、鞘管准备l导管(肝素水)冲洗管(肝素水)冲洗l急救急救药物准物准备l三三联三通准三通准备n穿刺外周穿刺外周动脉,插入鞘管脉,插入鞘管股股动脉脉桡动脉脉肱肱动脉(脉(应严格指征)格指征)n前送前送导管至升主管至升主动脉的根部脉的根部需需导丝引引导避免操作阻力避免操作阻力避免避免进入沿途入沿途动脉分支脉分支抽血排气,抽血排气,监测压力力冠脉造影的基本步骤(冠脉造影的基本步骤(2 2)Seldinger technique
5、Anterior Superior Iliac SpinePubisInguinal LiagmentThe maximal inguinal pulsation is over the CFA in 90%of casesFluoroscopically,the medial aspect of the femoral head marks the CFA.Puncture at this site will enter the CFA in 80%of casesThe midpoint between the anterior superior iliac spine and the p
6、ubis located the CFA in most patientsHow to do a proper groin stick?Good punctureHigh PuncturePros and cons for radial approachAdvantages:The lowest access site complication rate.Early ambulation and early discharge.Lower procedural cost.Disadvantages:Technically more difficult.To use radial or not?
7、Patient selectionObese,elderly and patients with PVDPatients with bleeding risk(lytic,on coumadin,GP2b/3a)Patient to avoidShockRaynauds,Buergers diseaseSmall artery even with normal Allen testRadial artery punctureComplex anatomyComplex anatomyComplex anatomyConsensus on radial accessTRA is an elega
8、nt,enthusiastic,profitable and reliable technique.TRA provides the lowest access site complication rate.TRA improves the comfort of the patient.TRA allows the use of most current devices and technique.TRA requires learningBrachial Artery PunctureBrachial Access Indication Femoral or radial approach
9、Femoral or radial approach is not availableis not available Femoral approach is Femoral approach is dangerous(aortic dangerous(aortic aneurysm)aneurysm)Unaccessible IMA by Unaccessible IMA by femoral approachfemoral approach Excessively obese patientExcessively obese patient Radial approach is Radia
10、l approach is preserved for cardiac preserved for cardiac surgeonsurgeonBrachial Access DisadvantagesMore vascular complication(Thromboembolism Hematoma)than radial 2-3%Hard to compress(between the head and biceps)Nerve injury(median nerve is in the bundle)ACCESS:A Randomized Comparison of ACCESS:A
11、Randomized Comparison of PTCA by the Radial,Brachial,and Femoral PTCA by the Radial,Brachial,and Femoral ApproachesApproachesKiemeneij,et al.JACC 1997;29:1269-1275Kiemeneij,et al.JACC 1997;29:1269-1275900 patients undergoing PTCA randomized to radial,brachial or 900 patients undergoing PTCA randomiz
12、ed to radial,brachial or femoral artery access site.femoral artery access site.Conclusions:Conclusions:1.1.Procedural and clinical outcomes were similar for the three Procedural and clinical outcomes were similar for the three subgroups.subgroups.2.2.Access failure was more common during transradial
13、 PTCA.Access failure was more common during transradial PTCA.3.3.Major access site complications were more frequent after Major access site complications were more frequent after transbrachial and transfemoral PTCA.transbrachial and transfemoral PTCA.N=900N=900RadialRadial(n=30(n=300)0)BrachiaBrachi
14、al l(n=300(n=300)FemoraFemoral l(n=300(n=300)Successful Coronary Cannulation(%)Successful Coronary Cannulation(%)93.093.095.795.799.799.7PTCA Success(%)PTCA Success(%)91.791.790.790.790.790.7Event Free at 1 Month(%)Event Free at 1 Month(%)88.088.087.787.790.090.0Major Entry Site Complications(%)Majo
15、r Entry Site Complications(%)0 02.32.32.02.0n导管管进入左右冠脉口入左右冠脉口l规律手法:律手法:“螺螺丝钉原原则”l特殊例外:升主特殊例外:升主动脉脉扩张时l避免注入气体和血栓避免注入气体和血栓l避免避免压力嵌力嵌顿n推注推注对比比剂造影造影l清晰清晰显像而像而对比比剂最少最少l持持续推注推注对比比剂 3 3心心动周期周期l多体位投照,充分多体位投照,充分显露病露病变部位和各段血管部位和各段血管l严密密观察察ECGECG和血和血压、心率、心率变化化冠脉造影的基本步骤(冠脉造影的基本步骤(3 3)n撤出造影撤出造影导管管l血血压、心率、心率稳定再撤定
16、再撤l缓慢均匀慢均匀n拔出鞘管,加拔出鞘管,加压包扎包扎l压动脉而非静脉脉而非静脉l压住住动脉穿刺点部位而非其它部位脉穿刺点部位而非其它部位l观察察术肢肤色、肤温、肢肤色、肤温、动脉搏脉搏动和穿刺血管和穿刺血管处有无血有无血肿冠脉造影的基本步骤(冠脉造影的基本步骤(4 4)冠脉造影的规范操作要点(冠脉造影的规范操作要点(1)n操作准操作准备l消毒、消毒、铺巾,巾,须符合无菌原符合无菌原则l压力力连接排水:接排水:应从从“中央中央”向外排向外排l须用肝素水冲洗鞘、用肝素水冲洗鞘、导管等管等l三三联三通三通联接至接至压力、肝素力、肝素盐水和造影水和造影剂n穿刺外周穿刺外周动脉脉l准确定位准确定位动
17、脉穿刺点,不能太高和太低脉穿刺点,不能太高和太低l尽量一尽量一针见血血l避免穿透血管后壁避免穿透血管后壁l鞘管鞘管导丝无阻力送入无阻力送入n前送造影前送造影导管至主管至主动脉根部脉根部l透透视帮助帮助导丝前行,前行,别误入入颈动脉和冠脉内脉和冠脉内l避免左冠一次避免左冠一次进入冠脉左主干口内入冠脉左主干口内l撤撤导丝、抽回血、接、抽回血、接压力、排气体力、排气体n导管管进入冠脉口入冠脉口l在冠脉口左前斜位在冠脉口左前斜位进(LAO 45LAO 45o o)l规律手法:律手法:“拧螺螺丝钉原原则”(顺钟向向进,反之出,反之出,升主升主动脉脉扩张者例外)者例外)l操作操作轻柔,无阻力柔,无阻力l避
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