unit1Reading (3).ppt

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1、Unit1 Great ScientistsReading Warming Up There are some great scientific achievements that have changed the world.Can you name some of them?What kind of role do they play in the field of science?Alexander Bell electricity Thomas Edison the First telephoneLaite Brothers the electric LampMadame Curie

2、black holes in UniverseFranklin Theory of GravitySteven Hawking the First PlaneElbert Einstein RadiumIsaac Newton the Theory of RelativityQuiz Questions(P1)1.Archimedes,Ancient Greek(287-212 BC),a mathematician.He found that if you put an object into water the water pushes the object up.It rises and

3、 partly floats.The force of the water pushing it up is the same as the weight of the object.阿基米德阿基米德 (Archimedes)2.Charles Darwin,Britain(1808-1882)The Origin of Species was published in 1859.It explained how plants and animals had changed over time to fit in with a changing environment.At the time

4、it was published it was very controversial.Many people believed the Bible when it said that God made the first two people(Adam and Eve)and that all other people came from these two.Charles Darwin Darwins book showed that people had developed from apes instead.So this caused a lot of argument between

5、 religious and scientific people.However Darwins idea became very influential and is still accepted today.3.Thomas Newcomen,British(1663-1729)He improved the first steam pump built by Thomas Savery in 1698 and turned it into a steam engine for taking water out of mines in 1712.James Watt improved it

6、 still further in the 1770s turning it into the first modern steam engine used on the railways.4.Gregor Mendel,Czech(1822-1884)He grew pea plants and developed ideas on heredity(遗传学遗传学)and inherited(继承继承,承传承传)characteristics.He concentrated(集中精力集中精力)on cross-fertilizing(施肥施肥)pea plants and analyzing

7、 the results.Between1856-1863 he grew 28,000 pea plants.Gregor Mendel He examined seven kinds of seed and plant characteristics and developed some laws of inheritance(承传的规则承传的规则).The first is that inheritance factors do not combine but are passed to the next generation intact(完整的完整的).Second,he found

8、 that each partner gives half the inherited factors to the young.Third,some of these factors show up in the offspring(子孙子孙)(and so are dominant显性的显性的).The other factors are masked by the dominant ones(and so are recessive隐性的隐性的).5.Marie Curie,Polish and French(1867-1934)She was born in Poland and ca

9、me to study in France in 1891 and she lived there for the rest of her life.In 1898 she discovered radium.She received two Nobel prizes,one(with Pierre Curie)for physics(1903)and one for chemistry(1911).Marie Curie She is the only person to have been so honored.On the death of her husband she took ov

10、er his job at the Sorbonne in Paris.Her work on radioactivity and the discovery of radium meant that she began a new scientific area of research.She was the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize and the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne(索邦神索邦神学院学院:巴黎大学前身巴黎大学前身).6.Thomas Edison,American(1847-1931)H

11、e was already an inventor of other electrical devices(phonograph电唱机电唱机,electric light bulb)when in 1882 he designed a system for providing New York with electricity from a central power station.This was a tremendous achievement,which had previously been thought impossible.Thomas Edison7.Leonardo da

12、Vinci,Italian(1452-1519)He was a famous artist whose skill for showing human skin tones made his paintings seem to come alive.He used to study dead people in order to make his paintings as accurate as possible.Leonardo da VinciSome of his famous paintings include The Adoration of the Magi and the Th

13、e Last Supper.Later in his life he lived in France where he designed a submarine and a flying machine.8.Sir Humphry Davy,British(1778-1829)He did research into different gases and discovered the medicinal value of nitrous(麻醉麻醉)oxide(氧化物氧化物)(or laughing gas)as an anaesthetic(麻麻醉剂醉剂).In 1815 he develo

14、ped a safety lamp for miners.Humphry DavyPreviously there had been many accidents when candles on the miners helmets had exploded when it came into contact with underground gas from the coal the miners were digging.The safety helmet made working underground very much safer.9.Zhang Heng,Chinese(78-13

15、9)He invented the first seismograph(测震测震 仪、地震仪仪、地震仪)to indicate in the direction of an earthquake.It was in the shape of a cylinder(圆筒形圆筒形)with eight dragonheads round the top,each with a ball in its mouth.张衡张衡地动仪地动仪Around the bottom were eight frogs directly under a dragons head.When an earthquake

16、occurred,a ball fell out of the dragons mouth,making a noise.10.Stephen Hawking,British(1942-)He has worked in astronomy and studied black holes in space.He has shown that black holes do not only absorb everything around them but,from time to time,throw out matter as well.Stephen HawkingThis may mar

17、k the beginning of new galaxies.This is an advance on the old theory which said that black holes eat”everything they come across.Leading in Supply the following words with detail.John Snow CholeraJohn Snow(1813-1858)John Snow was born in York on March 15th,1813,the oldest of nine children.YorkLondon

18、 His father worked as a laborer.While poor,his parents were determined to give their children whatever educational opportunities they could afford.He was educated at a private school in his native city until the age of fourteen,when he was apprenticed(当学徒当学徒)to William Hardcastle,a surgeon(外科医生外科医生)

19、living at Newcastle-on-Tyne.After serving for a short time as a surgeon and unqualified assistant during the cholera epidemic of 1831-1982,he became in October 1836 a student at the Hunterian School of medicine in Great Windmill Street,London.He began to attend the medical practice at the Westminste

20、r Hospital in the following October.1836 37383940184541424344He graduated M.D.of the University of London on 20 Dec.1844,and in 1850 he was admitted a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians.He designed a chloroform inhaler(氯仿吸入器仿吸入器),described in his book,On Chloroform and other Anesthetics,p

21、ublished in 1858.Dr.Snow was also a prominent anesthesiologist(麻醉麻醉师)What else was he famous for?What is Cholera?Cholera is the illness caused by a bacterium called Vibria cholerae.It infects peoples intestines(肠肠),causing diarrhea(腹泻腹泻),vomiting and leg cramps.The most common cause of cholera is by

22、 someone eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated with the bacteria.After a disaster,this is a very real danger,since regular,clean water and food supplies are often unavailable.The disease can be spread even further by infected people using already dirty water sources to clean thems

23、elves or dispose of waste.Cholera can be mild or even without symptoms,a severe case can lead to death without immediate treatment.The diarrhea and vomiting brought on by the infection quickly leaves the body without enough fluid.The following Dehydration(脱水脱水)and shock can kill a person within hour

24、s.Look at the picture,the title and the map,guess what is the content of the text?Then skim it quickly to see if you were right.When we want to solve some problem.First we should find the problem,do some research on it,prove your finding,and then make a conclusion.This is a scientific and objective

25、way of researching.1.What order would you put the seven in?Pre-readingInfectious diseases can be spread to other people.They have an unknown cause and need public health care to solve them.2.What do you know about infectious diseases?Repel(回避回避)may be exposed to an infectious diseases,so may animals

26、,such as bird flu.AIDS,SARS are infectious diseases.Infectious diseases are difficult to cure.Cholera is the illness caused by a bacterium called Varian cholera.If infects peoples intestines(肠胃肠胃),causing diarrhea,vomiting and leg cramps(腹痛腹痛).3.What do you know about cholera?The most common cause o

27、f cholera is by someone eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated(污染污染)with the bacteria.Cholera can be mild(不严重的不严重的)or even without symptoms(症状症状),but a severe case can lead to death without immediately treatment.First we should find the problem.Then,think of a method.We should coll

28、ect as much information as possible.4.Do you know how to prove a new idea in scientific research?Analyzing results is the most important stage.Before we make a conclusion,it is necessary for us to repeat some stages or processes.GermanyGreat BritainDeath of first cholera case in London during the 18

29、48-49 epidemic LondonPrevious cholera epidemic in Great Britain in 1831-32The spread of cholera“I found that nearly all the deaths had taken place within a short distance of the pump.”deathSnow on choleraSnow suspected contamination of pump water.Small,white,flocculent particlesParagraphStagesGenera

30、l ideas1Find a problem The _ of cholera causesComprehending 2Theory two:When people _ cholera into their bodies with meals,their bodies were attacked and soon they died.Theory one:Cholera _ in the air and dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.Make up a question multipliedabsorbed3T

31、hink of a method To _ the second theory was correct.prove45Collect results Some information was _ on how many people died and where they got water.Analyse results _the water to see if that is the cause of the illness.gatheredAnalyse67Repeat if necessary With extra _,it was announced definitely that

32、_ water carried cholera.Make a conclusion Polluted water spread cholera.“King Cholera”was _.evidencepolluteddefeatedMake a conclusion Think of a method Collect results Make up a questionFind a problem Analyse the results Repeat if necessaryRead the text carefully and choose the best answers.1.Whats

33、the purpose of the text?A.To show us how difficult it was to find a cure for cholera.B.To tell us how John Snow found the cause of cholera and the cure for it.C.To show us how difficult it was to carry out experiments at that time.D.To tell us the way cholera spread and how serious it was.B2.Which o

34、f the following is TRUE according to the text?A.John Snow became famous after cholera hit England in the 19th century.B.John Snow began to collect information long before cholera hit England in the 19th century.C.The mother and her daughter mentioned in the text both lived in Broad Street.D.John Sno

35、w felt unsure about the cause of cholera after he finished the map.D3.Why was cholera called“King Cholera”in the text?A.Because cholera caused many deaths.B.Because it got its name from Queen Victoria.C.Because cholera was the most deadly disease of its day.D.Because it was defeated with the help of

36、 the king.C What should you do if youre travelling to a country that has a cholera outbreak?Drink only water that you have boiled or treated with chlorine or iodine.Other safe drinks include tea or coffee made with boiled water and carbonated,bottled beverages with no ice.Eat only food thats been th

37、oroughly cooked and is still hot,or fruit that youve peeled yourself.Avoid undercooked or raw fish and shellfish.Avoid raw salads and vegetables.Avoid food and drinks from street vendors.Boil it,cook it,peel it,or forget it.TIPSGroup Discussion1.John Snow believed Idea 2 was right.How did he finally

38、 prove it?John Snow finally proved his idea because he found an outbreak that was clearly related to cholera,collected information and was able to tie cases outside the area to the polluted water.2.Do you think John Snow would have solved this problem without the map?No.The map helped John Snow orga

39、nize his ideas.He was able to identify those households that had had many deaths and check their water-drinking habits.He identified those houses that had had no deaths and surveyed their drinking habits.The evidence clearly pointed to the polluted water being the cause.3.Cholera is a 19th century disease.What disease do you think is similar to cholera today?Two diseases,which are similar today,are SARS and AIDS because they are both serious,have an unknown cause and need public health care to solve them.