Omission.ppt

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1、Omission in Translation省略是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为译文中虽省略是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的。也就是无其词而已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的。也就是说，把一些可有可无的，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文语说，把一些可有可无的，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词删去，从而使译文简洁，符合汉语的表达习惯。言习惯的词删去，从而使译文简洁，符合汉语的表达习惯。一般地说，英译汉并不随便删减词语，但汉语有其简洁的一般地说，英译汉并不随便删减词语，但汉语有其简洁的特点，如果过分强调表达一切，把每一个词都译出，反而

2、特点，如果过分强调表达一切，把每一个词都译出，反而因为保全了一些次要部分而破坏了整体，即所谓因小失大。因为保全了一些次要部分而破坏了整体，即所谓因小失大。因此，只有敢于牺牲一些不影响原意的词句，才能更好地因此，只有敢于牺牲一些不影响原意的词句，才能更好地突出重点。一个认真负责的译者往往不仅善于保全，而且突出重点。一个认真负责的译者往往不仅善于保全，而且也善于牺牲。但是应该注意，省略千万不能破坏原文的思也善于牺牲。但是应该注意，省略千万不能破坏原文的思想内容。该保全的，决不能少译一个字；该牺牲的，整个想内容。该保全的，决不能少译一个字；该牺牲的，整个从句也可删去不译。下面，我们就从语法角度和修辞

3、角度从句也可删去不译。下面，我们就从语法角度和修辞角度分别举例说明。分别举例说明。DefinitionBy omission we mean we properly omit some words or expressions in order to make the translated version brief,concise,clear.Proper omission in English-Chinese translation often involves the omitting of some words(such as prepositions,articles,certain

4、 pronouns,conjunctions,etc.)that are indispensable in the SL text but not in the TL text.Omission is based on the differences between English and Chinese.For example,Chinese has no articles or infinitive markers.And pronouns,conjunctions,and prepositions are not used as frequently as those of Englis

5、h.So when we translate English sentences with articles and infinitive markers into Chinese,we often omit these articles or infinitive markers.Principles 1.Omission should be aimed at smoothness and conciseness or succinctness.2.Omission does not go against faithfulness.Omission does not mean subtrac

6、ting meanings from the original work.3.What is omitted may not be necessarily confined to certain parts of speech,as the traditionalists often say.Any parts of speech may be liable to be omitted depending upon the context and the translators translation techniques.From the Grammatical Aspect一、一、Omis

7、sion of pronoun1.省略作主语的人称代词(1)根据汉语习惯，前句出现一个主语，后句如仍为同一主语，就不必重复出现。英语中通常每句都有主语，因此人称代词做主语往往多次出现，这种人称代词汉译时常常可以省略。但省去的人称代词在意思上仍明显地包含在译文里。But its the way I am,and try as I might,I havent been able to change it.不过我就是这个脾气，虽然竭力想改，终究还是改不了。He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。He was w

8、ell-favoured,bright,a good dancer,a fair shot and a fine tennis player.He was an asset at any party.He was lavish with flowers and expensive boxes of chocolate,and though he entertained little,when he did it was with an originality that pleased.他很聪明，舞跳得不错，枪打得也可以，网球也打得挺好，深得（女孩子）喜爱。他是宴会中的宝贝儿，任意购买鲜花和高价

9、巧克力送人。尽管他不大请客，请起来也别有一番创意，让人开心不已。lAs I lay awake,I realized that I was in trouble.l我醒来，躺在地上，明白自己的处境不妙。2.有时候，当泛指的英语人称代词作主语时，即使是作第一个主语，译文中往往也可以省略。You can never tell.很难说。We eat to live,but not live to eat.吃饭是为了活着，可活着不是为了吃饭。We live and learn.活到老，学到老。They say its so.据说是这样。He who has never reached the Grea

10、t Wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉。One can never be too careful in ones work.工作越仔细越好。Fight when you can win;move away when you cannot win.打得赢就打，打不赢就走。We have 7 days a week and 24 hours a day.一周有七天，一天有24小时。The significance of a man is not in what he attains but rather in what he longs to attain.人生的意义不在

11、于已获取的，而在于渴望获得什么样的东西。3.省略作宾语的人称代词英语中有些作宾语的代词，不管前面是否提到过，翻译时往往都可以省略。Ive received your letter and read it with delight.我收到了你的来信，愉快地读了。If you have read these stories,tell them in your own words.如果你已读过这些故事，用你自己的话讲出来。4.省略物主代词在英语句子里的物主代词，出现的频率很高。一个句子中往往会出现好几个物主代词，如果将每个物主代词都翻译出来那么汉语译文就显得非常罗嗦。所以在没有其他人称的物主代词出现

12、的情况下，在翻译的时候物主代词大多省略。例如：I wash my hands before having my lunch.汉语只需说“我吃午餐前洗手”，而不必说“我吃我的午餐前洗我的手”。He entered the room,his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold.他进了屋，大衣上满是雪，鼻子冻得通红。All the fellows gathered around,stretching their necks like geese.所有的人都聚拢来，像鹅一样伸长脖子。Why do we feel cooler when w

13、e fan ourselves?扇扇子时为什么会感到凉快些？He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.他将双手放进衣袋，然后耸了耸肩。For two weeks,he had been studying the house,looking at its rooms,its electric wiring,its path and its garden.连着两星期他都在观察房子的情况，检查各个房间，查看线路、通道和花园的布局。Her dark hair waved untidy across her bro

14、ad forehead,her face was short,her upper lip short,showing a glint of teeth,her brows were straight and dark,her lashes long and dark,her nose straight.她的黑发蓬蓬松松地飘拂在前额上，脸是短短的，上唇也是短短的，露出一排闪亮的牙齿，眉毛又直又黑，睫毛又长又黑，鼻子笔直。In order to survive,to feed,clothe and shelter himself and his children,man is engaged in

15、 a constant struggle with nature.为了生存，为了自己和子孙后代的衣食住行，人类和大自然不断地进行着斗争。She felt the flowers were in her finger,on her lips,growing in her breast.她觉得手里和唇上都是花儿，胸中也生长着花儿。Omission of the pronoun in comparative sentenceThe climate in Switzerland is absolutely different from that in Somalia.瑞士的气候与索马里截然不同。二、二

16、、Omission of“it”it 也是一种代词，但这里主要是讲它的两种特殊用法，即非人称用和强调用。上述两种情况下，汉译时往往可以省略不译。1、非人称用it（impersonal pronoun）It was just growing dark,as she shut the garden gate.她关上园门时，已是暮色苍茫了。Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。2.强调句型用it（emphatic pronoun）It was only then that I began to h

17、ave doubts whether my story would ever be told.直到那时我才开始怀疑，我的经历究竟能不能公诸于众。It is only shallow people who judge by appearances.只有浅薄的人才会以貌取人。三、省略连词三、省略连词 在英语和汉语的句子中，连词的用法有着许多的共同点，但英语中连词比汉语多，而且用得也比汉语广泛。因为在英语句子中，短语与短语、句子与句子之间多采用形合法，即要求结构上的完整。而汉语则不然。汉语句子结构一般都按时间顺序和逻辑关系排列，语序固定、关系明确，不需要太多的连词来表示相互之间的关系。所以在英译汉时

18、候，连词在很多情况下可以不译。省略并列连接词1、Omission of the coordinating conjunctions.The door was opened,and they came in.门开了，他们走了进来。Your parents or your wife or your son or your best friends might be expecting you back home safe and sound.也许你的父母，妻儿，或者你最好的朋友都在盼望你平安回家呢。省略从属连接词2Omission of the subordinate conjunction（1）

19、省略表示原因的连接词英语因果句中一般用连接词表示原因，而汉语则往往通过词序先后来表示因果关系，“因”在前，“果”在后。因此，英译汉时往往可以把原文中这种连接词省掉不译。I knew the train was coming as I had seen the passengers swarm into the platform.我看到乘客们涌上站台，知道火车就要进站了。Because the departure was not easy,wed better make it brief.离别不是件容易的事（离别真叫人难受），我们还是简短些吧。（2）省略表示条件的连接词表示条件的连接词if，一般

20、译为“假如”“如果”等，但在日常口语体系结构中，往往可以省略不译。If winter comes,can spring be far behind?冬天来了，春天还会远吗？（雪莱西风颂）I would not have said it if I had known it.早知如此我就不说了。（3）省略表示时间的连接词 表示时间关系的when和as 等连接词，汉译时一般用“当时”，或仅用“时”。但如果汉语时间先后次序明显，为了简略起见，“当时”或“时”往往可以省略。When the board was spinning slowly,you could see all the different

21、 colors.纸板慢慢旋转，你就能看出各种不同的颜色。As the temperature increases,the volume of water becomes greater.温度增高，水的体积就增大。When at last he stood upon the bluff,he turned to his little sister and looked upon her sorrowfully.最后他站在了悬崖上，转过身来，忧郁地看着他的妹妹。Sunday is the day when I am least busy.周日我最闲。At long last,on June 6,1

22、944,after the European war was basically decided and Hitler licked,the allies launched their long-delayed western front.1944年6月6日，欧洲战局基本已见分晓，希特勒败局已定，盟军终于在这一天开辟了延迟了很久的西线战场。四、省略冠词四、省略冠词冠词是汉语所没有的词类。汉译时往往要斟酌，是否把冠词的意思译出来。一般说来，除了带有明显指示意义的定冠词和含有明显的“一个”或“每一个”意思的不定冠词不能省略外，其它情况一般可以不译。Any substance is made of

23、atoms whether it is a solid,a liquid,or a gas.任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都由原子构成。（类别）A soldier should be loyal to his country.当兵的应该效忠祖国。（省略表示类别的不定冠词a）The moon was slowly rising above the sea.月亮从海上冉冉升起。（独一无二的事物）When I got to the cinema,the film had already begun.我到电影院时，电影已经开始了。（特指）She stared at me without sayin

24、g a word.她一句话不说地瞪着我。（不定冠词a或an 指“一”时，不能省略）The taxi driver said that he was getting a pound a mile.出租汽车司机说他（开车）每开一英里可赚一英镑。（不定冠词a或 an 指“每一”时不能省略）五、省略介词五、省略介词一般来说，表示时间和地点的介词短语在翻译成汉语时，如果能够放在句首，介词往往可以省略；如果只能放在句末，就不能省略。The Communist Party of China was founded in 1921.这句话按英语语序可以译成：中国共产党成立于1921年。但若将时间状语前置，则可

25、将介词in 省略，即：1921年，中国共产党成立。The battle began at 11:00 p.m.夜晚11点，战役打响了。（比较：战役在夜晚11点打响。）e.g.An ancient castle stood on the edge of the cliff.悬崖边矗立着一座古堡。（比较：一座古堡矗立在悬崖边。）Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场所禁止吸烟。Now complaints are heard in all parts of that country.该国各地怨声载道。Rumours had already spread

26、 along the streets and lanes.各种流言传遍了大街小巷。We have made much progress in pronunciation.我们的发音有很大进步。Trees grow along both banks of the canal.运河两岸长着树木。The difference between the two machines consists in power.这两台机器差别在于功率不同。应该注意的是，虽然引导地点状语的英语介词在译文句首往往可以省略，但放在动词后却一般不省略，如：She stood by the table.她站在桌旁。He sat

27、 behind the door.他坐在门后。From the Rhetorical AspectCutting the repeated phraseInstead of one old woman knocking me about and starving me,everybody of all ages knocked me about and starved me.那时打我、让我挨饿的不只是一个老太婆，而是老老少少各式各样的人。University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over tho

28、se who had not.报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。Cutting words which are not necessaryHis younger sister is an actress.他妹妹是个（女）演员。As scheduled,Chinese and American diplomats met on January 20,at the Chinese Embassy in Poland.It was their first get-together in more than two years.中美两国外交官按照预定计划于一月二十日在波兰的中国大使馆会晤。这是两年多

29、来的第一次。Patients with influenza must be separated from the well lest the disease should spread from person to person.流感病人必须与健康的人隔开，以免疾病传播。There was no snow.But the leaves were gone from the trees and the grass was dead.天未下雪，却已叶落草枯。Could you help me in any way?你能帮帮我吗？Omission of synonymsNeither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason.双方均不得无故解除合同。