跨文化交际--language-and-culture教学提纲.ppt

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1、跨文化交际-language-and-cultureWhatslanguage?Languageisanorganizedsystemusingsignsthatcarryintentionalmeaningfromonepersontoanother.P.63Whenwetalkaboutlanguages,weareusuallytalkingaboutorganizedsystemsratherthancommonknowledge.Andweoftenfollowtherules.I(S)like(V)you(O).Isbodylanguagealanguage?-notaformal

2、language.Humanmindisunabletocommunicatedirectlywithotherssothatweusesignstorepresenteverythingwehopetocommunicate:spokensigns,writtensigns,Signsbythemselvesaremeaninglessuntiltheyrepresentaspecificobject,actionoridea.languageareintentionalcommunicationsystemsratherthanunintentionalones.Withoutintent

3、ion,communicationisnotlanguage.eg:bodysmells(notalanguage)therearetwofactors:senderandaudience.Thesenderisusuallyreferredtoasthepersonproducingthemessagewhileaudienceusuallyreceivethemessage.HTML(HypertextMarkupLanguage)wouldnotbeconsideredalanguage.CharacteristicsofLanguageLanguageissymbolicRecount

4、experience/representabstractideaLanguageisrule-governedLanguageissubjectiveLanguageisdynamicandhasitsownlifecycle同志/小姐CharacteristicsofLanguageLanguageisarbitrary.kangarooLanguageisconventional.Pleasechoosethecorrectmeaningof终身大事a.工作b.事业c.婚姻d.生死StructureofhumanlanguageVerbal intercultural communicat

5、ion Relationship between language and cultureVerbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.Mastering all those rules of language，such as phonology（语音体系）,morphology（词态学）,syntax（句法学）and semantics（语义学）,is still n

6、ot enough for effective communication,for language and culture cannot be separated.They are intertwined缠结,shaping each other.Verbal Intercultural Communication Language and culturerelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureLanguageisflesh,andcultureisblood.Withoutculture,languagewouldbedead;withoutlanguag

7、e,culturewouldhavenoshape.Communicationistheswimmingmotion,languageistheswimmingskill,andCultureiswater.Withoutlanguage,communicationwouldremaintoaverylimiteddegree(inveryshallowwater);Withoutculture,therewouldbenocommunicationatall.RelationshipbetweenLanguageandCultureLanguageispartofculture.Langua

8、geisthecarrierandcontainerofculture.Languageisinfluencedandshapedbyculture.Languagealsoexertsitsinfluenceonculture.Languageandculturearecloselyrelated.Language and thoughtOurlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkinganddifferentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressouruniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.Two pointsinhist

9、heory:1)Languagemaydetermineourthinkingpatterns;2)similaritybetweenlanguagesisrelative,thegreatertheirstructuraldifferentiationis,themorediversetheirconceptualizationoftheworldwillbe.The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis(萨丕尔沃尔夫假说)Linguistic determinism(语言决定论):语言决定思维Linguistic relativity(语言相对论)：思维相对于语言，思维模式随着语言

10、的不同而不同。Example11.Ifmylanguagehasonlyoneterm-brother-in-law-thatisappliedtomysistershusband,myhusbandsbrother,andmyhusbandssistershusbands,Iamledbymylanguagetoperceivealloftheserelativesinasimilarway.Vocabulary,throughwhatitgroupstogetherunderonelabelandwhatitdifferentiateswithdifferentlabels,isonewa

11、yinwhichlanguageshapesourperceptionoftheworld.Example2HaveyoureadtheChineseclassictheRedChamberDream?HowdidLinDaiyunandJiaBaoyurelatetoGrandmaJia?Didtheoldladylovebothofthem?Didshetreatthemasiftheywereequallyimportanttoher?Ifdifferently,why?Canyoufindtheequivalentsfor孙and外孙？印欧语言：严式语言-严式思维轨迹-构造分析-逻辑演

12、绎-智性精神汉语：宽式语言-宽式思维轨迹-整体领悟-类比联想-悟性精神MoreabouttheSapir-WhorfhypothesisThe strong version(强式说):EmphasizesthedecisiveroleoflanguageastheshaperofourthinkingpatternsThe weak version(弱式说):Suggestthatthereisacorrelationbetweenlanguage,culture,andthought,thecross-culturaldifferencesproducedinourwaysofthinkin

13、garerelative,ratherthancategorical.Culture and word meaningCulture and Word Meaning1.Word differences are obvious in various languages.The relation between word and its meaning is arbitrary任意的.For example,we live in a house in English,we also live in a casa in Spanish and we still live in a ban in T

14、hai.2.Corresponding Chinese words cannot always explain the English words.a.WordswithdifferentassociatedmeaningsLanguagereflectstheenvironmentwelivein,history,custom,valuesandsoon,whicharediverseindifferentcultures.Sowordsthatrefertothesameobjectmayhavedifferentassociated（联想的）meanings.Theculturally-

15、loadedwordsandexpressionsaregoodexamplesshowingtheculturalinfluenceonthemeaningsofwords.Verbal Intercultural Communication b.WordswithoutcounterpartinanotherlanguageLanguagereflectsculture,andculturaldiversityleadstothelackofvocabularyequivalence,conceptequivalenceandexperienceequivalence.Therefore,

16、therearealotofwordsthatwefailtofindthecounterpartsinanotherlanguage.Forexample,theEnglishword“hippies”,“motel”,wecannotfindexactcounterpartinChinese.American Hippies in the 1960s American Motel Word meaningsWord meaning终身大事politicianDenotationPrimarySurfaceExplicitConceptualMost important thing in o

17、nes lifeWhose business is politicsConnotationSocio-culturalPersonal associationimplicitAttach to marriageNot keep promises,cheatsDialectindifferentcultureDifferenttownhasdifferentdialect.If2personscomingfromdifferentplacesdonotlearnPutonghua,theywillconfusedbyseparatedialect.DialectsRegionaldialects

18、DialectdiversitydevelopswhenpeopleareseparatedgeographicallyChinesedialects/BritishdialectsSocialdialectsSocialboundariesandclassdifferencesBlackEnglishVernacular-corruptedEnglish?GenderlectsStandardandnon-standarddialectStereotypeandlanguageattitudeHeworkin.HebeworkinHebesteadyworkin.seofaintasagen

19、eralnegativeindicator.Ididntgonowhere,Word-finaldevoicingof/b/,/d/,and/Word-initially,/isdSocialdialectsWilliamLabov(拉波夫):afamoussociolinguistHeconductedasurveyintheCityofNewYorkinthemiddleof1960s.Theobjectiveofhissurveywastoexaminetherelationshipbetweenspeakers social status andtheirphonologicalVAR

20、IATIONS.The Social Stratification of English in New York City(1966)纽约英语的社会阶层性Labovexplicitlydelineatedthepatterns of stratification byclassandstyleandsuccessfullyintroducedclassasanindispensablesociolinguisticvariable.调查纽约市内不同阶层的人说英语时使用元音后的r音的情况（保留还是脱落）。元音后r音的保留被认为是社会中上层人士说话的标志genderlectDecide which

21、 of the following is possibly spoken by a female:1.Iwassonaive.2.Mygoodness,theresthevice-chancelor!3.Shutup.4.Youhavedoneit,haventyou?5.Wontyoupleasegetmethatglass?6.Illbedamned,theresafriendofmine.7.Oh,dear,thecupisbroken.*featuresforwomanlanguage:1.Womenusemore“fancy”colortermssuchasmauve(palepur

22、ple)andbeige(palebrown);2.Womenuselesspowerfulcursewords;3.Womenusemoretagquestions;4.Womenpreferusinghedge(e.g.sortof,Iguess)andintensifiers(e.g.so,very,really,absolutely);5.Womenslinguisticbehaviorismoreindirectand,hence,morepolitethanmens.Standardandnon-standarddialectStandardandnon-standarddiale

23、ct:astandardizeddialect:supportedbyinstitutions,likegovernment,schools,publishedgrammars,dictionaries,andtextbooksTrueorFalse“Onemoreprestigious,acceptedlanguagedialect”-“anylanguagethataredifferentfromthestandarddialectiscorrupted/brokenvariety”LanguageattitudeinEnglishtheBrummieaccent-leastintelli

24、gentaccent.Itevenscoredlowerthanbeingsilent,anexampleofthestereotypeattachedtotheBrummieaccent(socialsnobbery,negativemediastereotyping,thepoorpublicimageoftheCityofBirmingham,andthenorth/southgeographicalandlinguisticdivide)LanguagecontactSituationinwhichgroupsofspeakersofdifferentlanguagescomeinto

25、contactwithoneanother,e.g.,ngeographynconquestntradeLanguagecontactLanguage contactoccurswhentwoormorelanguagesorvarietiesinteractinthesamespeechcommunityLanguagecontactistheuseofmorethanonelanguageinthesameplaceatthesametimeLanguageContact-OutcomesWhathappenswhencultureswithdifferentlanguagescomein

26、tocontact?A.Widespreadbilingualism(usuallywithcode-switching)B.Selectionofalinguafranca:Anylanguageusedtoenablecommunicationbetweengroupsofpeopledifferingwithnativelanguages.(naturalorconstructedlanguages)Twopossiblestrategies:(1)Employanalreadyexistinglanguagea.natural(e.g.,Swahili,English)b.artifi

27、cial(e.g.,Esperanto)(2)Formnewlanguage(Pidgin)LinguaFrancaoften capitalized:Alingua francaisalanguageorwayofcommunicatingwhichisusedbetweenpeoplewhodonotspeakoneanothersnativelanguage.Eg.EnglishisrapidlybecomingthelinguafrancaofAsiaLatinforEuropeanscholarsinthe18thcentury;ArabicforMid-Asians;Frenchf

28、ordiplomacy;Putonghua fortheminorethnicsinChina;Englishforallthepeopleintheworld.PidginA reduced language that results from extended contact betweengroupsofpeoplewith no language in common;itevolveswhentheyneedsomemeansofverbalcommunication,perhapsfortrade,butnogrouplearnsthe native language of any

29、other group for socialreasons that may include lack of trust or of closecontact.PidginfeaturesLimitedfunctionsofuseAdjunctlanguage(noonespeaksonlyapidgin)LinguisticallysimplifiedDeveloptheirownrulesandnormsofusageExamplesWestAfricanPidginEnglishChinookJargon,NativeAmerican,British,&Frenchtradersinth

30、ePacificNorthwest,19thc.SolomonIslandPidgin,SolomonIslandsnostrictwordordersinglesetofpronounsxnocomplexsentencesxnodeterminersxnogrammaticalgenderxnoinflectionalmorphologyplurals:noun+3rdpersonpronounExamplesofPidginvocabularytalk-talktalktalk(chatter)looklook(stare)crycry-crycontinuallysan-sunsans

31、an-sandExamplesofPidginvocabularyInCameroonPidginf-to,at,in,forandfromGifdibukf.Demdeifchs.Dudiswanfme,abeg.GivethebooktomeTheyareinthechurchDothisforme,pleaseSuperstrate:EnglishSubstrate:OceaniclanguagesWhatdoes-immean?Mino luk-im pikipikibulongiuI notsee-HIM?pigbelongyou(“Ididntseeyourpig.”)*Mino

32、luk pikipiki bulong iu.Example:SolomonIslandsPidginSolomonsPidginintransitive transitiveluklookluk-imseesomethingsutshootsut-imshootsomethingKwaio(Oceaniclanguage)agalookaga-siseesomethingfanashootfana-sishootsomethingExample,continuedPidginHabgatleningkumdaun.(Havegotrainingcomedown)“Thereisraincom

33、ingdown”Tumolomainokankum.(Tomorrowmynocancome)“TomorrowIcantcome”Mainohabkachibasket(Mynohavecatchbasket)“Ididntbringabasket.”外国主人回家，看见玻璃窗打碎了，便问外国主人回家，看见玻璃窗打碎了，便问仆人缘故，仆人很流利地用仆人缘故，仆人很流利地用“洋泾浜洋泾浜”回答：回答：“inside（里面）吱吱吱，（里面）吱吱吱，outside（外面）（外面）喵喵喵，喵喵喵，glass（玻璃）克郎当！（玻璃）克郎当！”洋主人一洋主人一听就乐了，原来是猫抓老鼠闯的祸。听就乐了，原来

34、是猫抓老鼠闯的祸。洋行老板让中国司机到大光明电影院买电洋行老板让中国司机到大光明电影院买电影票，司机空手而归，指手划脚地告诉老板：影票，司机空手而归，指手划脚地告诉老板：“Man mountain man sea，today no see，tomorrow see，tomorrow see，same see！”老板也听懂了：人山人海，今天看不成了，老板也听懂了：人山人海，今天看不成了，明天看吧，明天看，还是那个影片！明天看吧，明天看，还是那个影片！43上海话中的洋泾浜英语上海话中的洋泾浜英语“蹩脚蹩脚”（BILGE，船底污水，引申为肮脏的、，船底污水，引申为肮脏的、下三滥的、劣质的）下三滥的、

35、劣质的）“大兴大兴”（DASHY，浮华的，华而不实的，引申，浮华的，华而不实的，引申为假的、冒牌的、劣质的）为假的、冒牌的、劣质的）“肮三肮三”（ON SALE，二手货贱卖，引申为垃圾，二手货贱卖，引申为垃圾货、形容人的品质低劣）货、形容人的品质低劣）“瘪三瘪三”（BEG SIR，乞丐先生，用来形容叫花，乞丐先生，用来形容叫花子、难民、逃荒者等各式穷人，后引申为最广泛子、难民、逃荒者等各式穷人，后引申为最广泛的骂人用语之一。的骂人用语之一。“赤佬赤佬”是英语是英语“CHEAT”（欺骗）和中文（欺骗）和中文“佬佬”的混生词语，一个鲁迅时代最流行的洋泾浜俚语的混生词语，一个鲁迅时代最流行的洋泾浜俚

36、语（隐语）。（隐语）。ThetheoryofPidginoriginDeficiency theoryPidginsarisebecausethespeakerlacktheabilitytolearnthestandardlanguages.CreoleWhen children learn a pidgin as a native language Creoleisoftendefinedasapidginthathasbecomethefirst language of a new generation of speaker.Itarisesinasituationwhereamanan

37、dawomanwhospeakdifferentlanguagesmarry,bothknowapidgin,andneitherlearnstheotherslanguage.ThepidginbecomesthesharedhomelanguageandbecomesthemothertongueofthechildrenCreoleCreoleLanguagesdevelopedfrompidginsFirstlanguageofsomemembersofaspeechcommunityUsedforawiderangeoffunctionsFarricherandmorecomplex

38、thanthepidginExamplesJamaican Creole(alsocalledpatois)Krio(SierraLeone,Africa)Gullah(SouthCarolina&Georgia)Creoles:StructuralSimilarities1.zerocopuladikaafikuolthecoffeecold(The coffee is cold.)2.serialverbs:oneverbfulfillsagrammaticalroleGullahCreoleEnglish(So.Carolina&Georgia)Itolpasmihetallpassme(Hes taller THAN me.)此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢