教育专题:初中英语语法结构图.ppt
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1、一名词一名词I.名词的种类:名词的种类:专专有名有名词词普通名普通名词词国名国名.地名地名.人名,人名,团团体体.机构名机构名称称可数名可数名词词不可数名不可数名词词个体名个体名词词集体名集体名词词抽象名抽象名词词物物质质名名词词II.名词的数:1.规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:规则规则例例词词1一般情况在一般情况在词词尾加尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以以s,x,ch,sh结结尾的名尾的名词词后加后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-w
2、atches,dish-dishes3以以-f或或-fe结结尾的尾的词词变变-f和和-fe为为v再加再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives加加-sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs4以以辅辅音字母加音字母加y结结尾的名尾的名词词,变变y为为i加加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加以元音字母加y结结尾的尾的名名词词,或,
3、或专专有名有名词词以以y结结尾的,加尾的,加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以以辅辅音音字母加字母加-o结结尾尾的名的名词词一般加一般加-eshero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外来不少外来词词加加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos两者皆可两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加以元音字母加
4、-o结结尾的尾的名名词词加加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以以-th结结尾的名尾的名词词加加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2.不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:规则规则例例词词1改改变变名名词词中的元音字母或其中的元音字母或其他形式他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice 2 单单复数相同复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,speci
5、es li,yuan,3 只有复数形式只有复数形式trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,contents4 一些集体名一些集体名词总词总是用作复数是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff5部分集体名部分集体名词词既可以作既可以作单单数数(整体)也可以作复数(整体)也可以作复数(成(成员员)audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6 复数形式表示特复数形式表示特别别含含义义cu
6、stoms(海关海关),forces(军队军队),times(时时代代),spirits(情情绪绪),drinks(饮饮料料),sands(沙沙滩滩),papers(文件文件报纸报纸),manners(礼貌礼貌),looks(外表外表),brains(头脑头脑智力智力),greens(青菜青菜),ruins(废废墟墟)7表示表示“某某国人国人”加加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单单复数同形复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以以-man或或-woman结结尾尾的改的改为为-me
7、n,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成合成名名词词将主体名将主体名词变为词变为复数复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boy friends无主体名无主体名词时词时将最后一将最后一部分部分变为变为复数复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分将两部分变为变为复数复数women singers,men servantsIII.名词的所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,
8、后者多表示无生命的东西。1.s所有格的构成:单单数名数名词词在末尾加在末尾加sthe boys father,Jacks book,her son-in-laws photo,复数名复数名词词一般在末尾加一般在末尾加the teachers room,the twins mother,不不规则规则复数名复数名词词后加后加sthe childrens toys,womens rights,以以s结结尾的人名所有格加尾的人名所有格加s或者或者Dickens novels,Charless job,the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系表示各自的所有关系时时,各名各名词词末尾末尾均均须须
9、加加sJapans and Americas problems,Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系表示共有的所有关系时时在最后一在最后一词词末加末加sJapan and Americas problems,Jane and Marys father表示某人家店表示某人家店铺铺,所有格,所有格后名后名词词省略省略the doctors,the barbers,the tailors,my uncles2.s所有格的用法所有格的用法:表示表示时间时间todays newspaper,five weeks holiday 2表示自然表示自然现现象象the earths at
10、mosphere,the trees branches3表示国家城市等地表示国家城市等地方的名方的名词词the countrys plan,the worlds population,Chinas industry4表示工作群体表示工作群体the ships crew,majoritys view,the teams victory5表示度量衡及价表示度量衡及价值值a miles journey,five dollars worth of apples6与人与人类类活活动动有特殊有特殊关系的名关系的名词词the lifes time,the plays plot7某些固定某些固定词组词组a b
11、irds eye view,a stones throw,at ones wits end(不知所措不知所措)3.of所有格的用法:讲到此处用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair,the cover of the book用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed 二冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a,an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法:1指一指一类类人或事,相当于人或事,相当于a kind ofA plane
12、is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物,非特指第一次提及某人某物,非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示表示“每一每一”相当于相当于every,oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示表示“相同相同”相当于相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前,表示不用于人名前,表示不认识认识此人或此人或与某名人有与某名人有类类似性似性质质的人或事的人或事A Mr.Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather
13、a Lei Feng.6用于固定用于固定词组词组中中A couple of,a bit,once upon a time,in a hurry,have a walk,many a time7用于用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后之后This room is rather a big one.8用于用于so(as,too,how)+形容形容词词之后之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II.定冠定冠词词的用法:的用法:1表示某一表示某一类类人或物人或物The horse is a useful
14、animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名用于世上独一无二的事物名词词前前the universe,the moon,the Pacific Ocean3表示表示说话说话双方都了解的或上文提到双方都了解的或上文提到过过的人或的人或事事Would you mind opening the door?4用于用于乐乐器前面器前面play the violin,play the guitar5用于形容用于形容词词和分和分词词前表示一前表示一类类人人the reach,the living,the wounded6表示表示“一家人一家人”或或“夫夫妇妇”the Greens,the Wangs7用于序数用
15、于序数词词和形容和形容词词副副词词比比较级较级最高最高级级前前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛岛的的名名词词前前the United States,the Communist Party of China,the French9用于表示用于表示发发明物的明物的单单数名数名词词前前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数在逢十的复数数词词之前,指世之前,指世纪纪的某个年代的某个年代in the 1990s11用于表示用于表示单单位的名位的
16、名词词前前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名用于方位名词词,身体部位名,身体部位名词词,及表示,及表示时间时间的的词组词组前前He patted me on the shoulder.III.零冠零冠词词的用法:的用法:1专专有名有名词词,物,物质质名名词词,抽象名,抽象名词词,人名地名等名人名地名等名词词前前Beijing University,Jack,China,love,air2名名词词前有前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制等限制I want this book,not that one./Whose purs
17、e is this?3季季节节,月份,星期,月份,星期,节节假日,一假日,一日三餐前日三餐前March,Sunday,National Day,spring4表示表示职职位,身份,位,身份,头衔头衔的名的名词词前前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科,学科,语语言,球言,球类类,棋,棋类类名名词词前前He likes playing football/chess.6与与by连连用表示交通工具的名用表示交通工具的名词词前前by train,by air,by land7以以and连连接的两个相接的两个相对对的名的名词词并用并用时时husband an
18、d wife,knife and fork,day and night8 表示泛指的复数名表示泛指的复数名词词前前Horses are useful animals.三代三代词词:I.代代词词可以分可以分为为以下七大以下七大类类:1人称人称代代词词主格主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they宾宾格格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them2物主物主代代词词形容形容词词性性my,your,his,her,its,our,their名名词词性性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3 反身代反身代词词myself,yourself
19、,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves4 指示代指示代词词this,that,these,those,such,some5 疑疑问问代代词词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6 关系代关系代词词that,which,who,whom,whose,as7 不定代不定代词词one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/a few/a little,other/another,all/both,nei
20、ther/eitherII.不定代词用法注意点:不定代词用法注意点:1.one,some与any:1)one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks?No,I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2)some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。Would you like some bananas?3)some 和any修饰可数名词单
21、数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes,if any.4)some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today?2.each和和every:each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。强调整体,所指的数
22、必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary./Each(of us)has a dictionary./We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points./Every one of us has strong and weak points.3.none和和no:no等于等于not any,作定语。,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。皆可以
23、。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle?None.None of the students are(is)afraid of difficulties.4.other和another:1)other泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如:the other day,every other week,some other reason,no other way,the other特指两者中的另外一个,复数为the others。如:He held a book in one hand and h
24、is notes in the other.Two students in our class failed,but all the others passed the exam.2)another指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如:I dont like this shirt,please show me another(one).The trousers are too long,please give me another pair/some others.Some like football,while others like basketball
25、.5.all和both,neither和either all表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither和none.All of the books are not written in English./Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers./Not both of us are teachers./Either of us is a teacher.四形容四形容词词和副和副词词(讲讲到此到此处处)I.形容词:1.形容词的位置:1)形
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