生长肥育猪的蛋白质与氨基酸营养.ppt

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1、Protein and Amino Acid Nutrition of Growing and Finishing Pigs生长肥育猪的蛋白质与氨基酸营养Robert A.Easter,Ph.D.Professor of Swine NutritionDean,College of Agricultural,Consumer and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IllinoisIntroductory Facts:Proteins are made up of amino acids 蛋白质由氨基酸组成Amino acids are either e

2、ssential(must be present in the diet)or nonessential(can be made by the animal).氨基酸分为必需（日粮中必须有）和非必需（动物可自体合成）The 10 essential amino acids are 十种必需氨基酸是:-Lysine 赖氨酸-Leucine 亮氨酸-Tryptophan 色氨酸-Isoleucine 异亮氨酸-Methionine蛋氨酸-Histidine 组氨酸-Threonine苏氨酸-Phenylalanine 苯丙氨酸-Valine 缬氨酸-Arginine 精氨酸Introductory

3、 Facts:Pigs do not require protein per se but rather the amino acids that make up protein 猪本身不需要蛋白质，而是需要组成蛋白质的氨基酸Amino acids in the diet are provided by protein-containing feeds(corn,soybean meal,sorghum,fish meal etc)日粮中的氨基酸由含蛋白质的饲料组分(如玉米,豆粕,高粱,鱼粉等)提供Amino acid progression:DietaryproteinFree amino

4、acids 游离氨基酸Small intestine 小肠Blood 血液Protein synthesisFeces 粪Urine 尿日粮蛋白质蛋白质合成Typical Grower Diet 典型生长猪日粮Ingredient 组分%Corn 玉米78.55Soybean meal 豆粕19.05Dicalcium phospate 磷酸氢钙1.25Limestone 石粉.74Trace mineral salt 微量元素盐.35Vitamin premix 维生素.10Total 总计100.00The value of a protein source is dependent on

5、 its capacity to contribute digestible amino acids to the animal.The Chemical Score is a simple approach to assessing value蛋白质来源的价值取决于为动物提供可消化氨基酸的能力，化学评分是评定蛋白价值的简单方法Amino acidRequirement,%Provided by diet,%Provided/Requirement,%Lysine.75.5067.17Threonine.48.4493.39Tryptophan.12.12102.45Isoleucine.46

6、.47102.91Met+CYs.41.45109.93Histidine.22.34156.58Leucine.601.29215.22Valine.48.61127.97Arginine.25.66264.38The performance of an animal can be no greater than that made possible by the amino acid in least supply.This is commonly called the first limiting amino acid最少量被提供的氨基酸制约了动物的生产性能，这种氨基酸通常称作第一限制性

7、氨基酸Amino acidRequirement,%Provided by diet,%Provided/Requirement,%Lysine.75.5067.17Threonine.48.4493.39Tryptophan.12.12102.45Isoleucine.46.47102.91Met+His.41.45109.93Histidine.22.34156.58Leucine.601.29215.22Valine.48.61127.97Arginine.25.66264.38(First)(Second)Protein SynthesisLimiting Amino Acids in

8、 Some Common Feedstuffs 一些饲料原料中的限制性氨基酸IngredientFirst SecondCorn 玉米 Lysine 赖氨酸Tryptophan 色氨酸Opaque-2 CornTryptophan 色氨酸Lysine 赖氨酸Barley 大麦Lysine 赖氨酸Methionine 蛋氨酸Wheat 小麦Lysine 赖氨酸Threonine 苏氨酸Sorghum(milo)买罗高粱Lysine 赖氨酸Threonine 苏氨酸Soybean meal 豆粕Met+Cys 蛋胱Threonine 苏氨酸Cottonseed meal 棉籽粕Lysine 赖氨酸

9、Threonine 苏氨酸Peanut Meal 花生粕Lysine 赖氨酸?Fish meal 鱼粉Tryptophan 色氨酸?Comparison of Amino Acid Sources(Lysine as a percent of total protein)氨基酸来源的比较（赖氨酸占总蛋白质的百分比）ItemCrude protein,%Lysine,%Lysine as%of proteinPig 猪15.0.755.00Corn 玉米8.5.252.94Sorghum 高粱8.9.232.58Wheat 小麦11.4.363.16Rice bran 米糠14.0.614.35

10、Soybean meal 豆粕48.53.106.40Cottonseed meal41.71.704.07Peanut meal 花生粕49.01.452.96Sesame meal45.01.262.80Fishmeal 鱼粉61.24.745.62棉籽粕芝麻粕Estimation of Limiting Amino Acids from Growth Data(A hypothetical example)由生长性能数据估计限制性氨基酸DietGain,kg/d1.Corn-soybean meal,12%CP.402.As 1+Lysine.503.As 1+Threonine.304

11、.As 1+Lysine+Threonine.60Amino Acid Balance 氨基酸平衡Amino acid balance refers to the proportional relationships among the amino acids 氨基酸平衡指氨基酸之间的比例关系An amino acid imbalance reduces feed intake and growth rate.氨基酸不平衡导致饲料采食量和生长速度下降Performance of Chicks Fed Diets Formulated to a Lysine Requirement with E

12、ither an Imbalanced Protein or Crystalline Lysine饲喂蛋白质不平衡或添加晶体赖氨酸日粮鸡的生长性能ItemFormulation CriteriaGrowthPerformanceDietLysine,%Protein%Gain,gGain/feed1.Corn-soybean meal1.1020.3243.662.Corn-sesame meal.5620.368.343.As 2+lysine1.1020.3222.614.Corn-sesame meal1.1038.0144.445.As 4+lysine1.4638.0181.46Ba

13、ker and Easter(1976)Ideal Protein 理想蛋白质The term,IDEAL PROTEIN,is used to describe the profile of dietary amino acids that would be perfectly in harmony with the pigs requirements.That is a perfect balance.The concept of ideal protein originated in the 1930s in Dr.H.H.Mitchells laboratory at the Univ

14、ersity of Illinois.所谓理想蛋白质，指日粮中的氨基酸组成完全符合猪的氨基酸需要，氨基酸之间完美平衡。理想蛋白质的概念由伊力诺大学Mitchell博士的实验室于1930年提出。-An optimum balance of amino acids 氨基酸之间的最佳平衡-Exactly in the proportions in which the amino acids are required by the pig 氨基酸之间的比例关系与猪所需要的氨基酸比例完全一致-Fully utilizable 可被完全利用-A balance that cannot be improve

15、d by addition or substitution这种平衡不能通过添加或替代而改善From:M.F.Fuller,Rowett Res.Inst.Variations on Ideal Protein 各种理想蛋白质Amino Acid Patterns,%of DietItemIllinois Final ProteinIllinois Ideal proteinWang&Fuller ProteinNRC(1989)ProteinLysine.600.600.600.600Arginine.290.250.250.250Histidine.185.190.190.155Trypto

16、phan.095.110.110.110Isoleucine.390.360.360.335Leucine.600.600.660.445Valine.415.410.450.355Phe+Tyr.570.570.720.485DL-Met+Cys.420.360.380.310Threonine.390.390.430.355Proline.200.200.200.200Glycine.600.600.600.600L-glutamate4.855.5.2704.9555.840Chung and Baker,1992Growth Response to Different Amino Ac

17、id Patterns 不同氨基酸模型的生长反应ItemAmino Acid Pattern,%of Diet Illinois final proteinIllinois ideal proteinWang&Fuller Ideal proteinNRC(1988)ProteinGain,g/d219274235206Feed,g/d553640570501Gain/feed396428412411Chung and Baker(1992)Digestible Ideal Amino Acid Patterns for Pigs 猪的可消化理想氨基酸模型 Amino acidIdeal AA

18、 Pattern,%of Lysine10-20 kg20-50 kg50-110 kgLysine100100100Arginine423018Histidine323232Tryptophan171219Isoleucine606060Leucine100100100Valine686868Phe+Tyr959595Met+Cys606264Threonine656770From Baker(1997)Utilization利 用The pig cannot absorb intact proteins,except just after birth.Proteins are broken

19、 down by enzymes in the small intestine and individual amino acids are absorbed.除非刚出生，否则猪不能吸收完整蛋白质。蛋白质在小肠被酶降解，以个别氨基酸的形式被吸收AVAILABILITY-the portion of the chemically present amino acids that are used for growth 利用率利用率用于生长的氨基酸占摄入氨基酸的百分比DIGESTIBILITY-the portion of the chemically present amino acid tha

20、t disappears in the small intestine.消化率消化率在小肠被吸收的氨基酸占摄入氨基酸的百分比Not all amino acids in the diet are absorbed,not all amino acids that are absorbed are used for protein synthesis.日粮中并非所有氨基酸都能被吸收，并非所有被吸收的氨基酸都能用于蛋白质合成Definitions 定 义Apparent amino acid digestibility(Amino acid consumed /amino acid passed

21、from ileum)x 100氨基酸表观消化率氨基酸表观消化率，（采食的氨基酸/经过回肠的氨基酸）100True amino acid digestibilityamino acid consumed/(amino acid passed from ileumendogenous secretions)x 100氨基酸真实消化率，氨基酸真实消化率，采食的氨基酸/（经过回肠的氨基酸体内分泌的氨基酸）100From Kidder and Manners(1978)Some Apparent Ileal Digestibilities,%某些回肠表观消化率Feedstuff 原料LysineTry

22、ptophanThreonineBarley 大麦737370Blood meal 血粉81-5Canola meal 双低菜粕7567-Yellow corn 黄玉米807073Fish meal 鱼粉80-76Oats(grain)燕麦585953Peanut meal 花生粕79-Sorghum grain 高粱807573Soybean meal-Hi-pro857874Soybean meal 豆粕878177Sunflower meal 葵花粕72-71Wheat 小麦807874NRC,1998高蛋白豆粕True Ileal Amino Acid Digestibilities

23、回肠氨基酸真实消化率(Bellaver,1989)AminoacidCornWheatMidsSoybean mealCottonseed mealPoultry by-product mealMeat and bone mealArg94.394.996.592.889.888.2His78.573.986.579.377.474.5Ile78.972.587.473.680.674.6Leu83.367.384.272.178.674.4Lys59.960.086.159.778.175.9SAA86.275.991.883.081.779.2Phe84.578.187.984.180.1

24、78.3Thr71.759.682.971.574.169.1Trp68.473.382.873.961.560.8Val79.372.786.076.978.976.4Lab Tests for Digestibility 消化率的实验室测定FDNB-2,4 flurodinitrobenzene(Carpenter method)FDNB binds with the epsilon amino group of lysine,if it is not bound to some other moiety,to form a color.It is assumed that non-bou

25、nd amino nitrogen is correlated with higher digestibility.2,4 氟二氮苯（卡本特法），FDNB与赖氨酸分子中未与其它基团结合的 -氨基结合，产生颜色反应。据认为未被结合的氨基氮与较高的消化率有关。Pepsin digestibility-Incubate a sample of feed with pepsin and monitor nitrogen release.胃蛋白酶消化率将饲料样品与胃蛋白酶共同培养，检测氮的释放量。Time,hours时间，小时Nitrogen release,%氮释放，Lab Tests for Dig

26、estibility 消化率的实验室测定Multienzyme assay Incubate sample with a mixture of peptidase,trypsin and chymotrypsin and monitor pH change over time.Liberated carboxyl groups release hydrogen ions resulting in a pH drop 复合酶法将样品与肽酶，胰蛋白酶，胰凝乳蛋白酶共同培养，观察pH值随时间的变化。游离的羧基基团释放氢离子，导致pH下降。Multienzyme pH True lysine Feed

27、 Ingredientchange(units)digestibility Casein酪蛋白 2.36 99Soybean meal豆粕 1.52 92Poultry by-product禽副产品1.37 84Meat meal 肉粉 1.37 85Cottonseed meal 棉籽粕 1.23 72Feather meal羽毛粉 0.90 68Bellaver(1989)and Parsons(unpublished)饲料组分赖氨酸真消化率复合酶 pH 变化Lab Tests for Digestibility 消化率的实验室测定Protein Solubility Assay-1.5

28、mg of protein placed in a 250 ml beaker with 75 ml of 0.2%KOH,stir for 20 minutes at 22o C,collect supernatant,centrifuge at 1250 x G for 10 minutes and analyze for protein.Express as percent of protein in original sample.蛋白质溶解性法蛋白质溶解性法Protein solubility,%Autoclaving time,minutes 自溶时间，分钟Lab Tests fo

29、r Digestibility 消化率的实验室测定Prediction equations-based on correlations of physical and chemical measurements to digestiblity预测方程预测方程-以对消化率的物理和化学检测之间的相关关系为基础Near-infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy-based on comparison of the reflectance spectra of an unknown sample to a standard(calibration data set)近红外反射

30、光谱法近红外反射光谱法-比较未知样品与标准品的反射光谱Wavelength(nm)波长，纳米Reflectance-Log(1/R)StandardUnknownFormulation with True Digestible Amino AcidsItem,%12345Corn82.0780.3880.6579.9380.44Soybean meal13.87-Poultry by-product meal-6.266.525.876.33Cottonseed meal-5.005.005.005.00Wheat bran5.005.005.005.00Soybean oil-1.331.0

31、81.721.25Wood cellulose1.28.03Limestone.78.65.64.67.65Dicalcium phosphate1.32.47.43.52.46Mineral mixture.35.35.35.35.35Vitamin mixture.10.10.10.10.10L-Lysine HCl-.15-.33-DL-Methionine.02-.08-L-Threonine-.04-.12-L-Tryptophan-.02-.05.02Bellaver(1989)Formulation with True Digestible Amino Acids根据真可消化氨基

32、酸配制的日粮Item 12345Digestible 可消化氨基酸Lysine.48.48.49.59.59Methionine+Cystine.47.47.51.51.51Threonine.37.36.45.43.44Tryptophan.09.09.11.12.12Growth Performance 生长性能Daily gain,kg.69.57.42.66.59Daily feed,kg1.951.761.471.821.76Gain/feed.35.35.29.36.34Bellaver(1989)Synthetic Amino Acids 合成氨基酸Rapid advances

33、occurring in production technology particularly through the use of genetically modified microbes.生产技术发展迅速，尤其通过遗传改良的微生物生产合成氨基酸Most are made by microbial fermentation but chemical synthesis of intermediate products may be involved多数由微生物发酵生产，但也可能通过中间产品进行化学合成Commercially of interest today:养猪生产中可用L-lysin

34、e,DL-methionine,L-tryptophan,L-threonineL赖氨酸，DL蛋氨酸，L色氨酸，L苏氨酸The rest are expensive and likely to remain so.其余氨基酸很昂贵，可能持续如此Growth of Pigs(9.0-97.8 kg)Fed Reduced-Protein Diets with Lysine,Tryptophan and Threonine9.0-97.8 kg 阶段猪饲喂低蛋白日粮添加赖氨酸，色氨酸和苏氨酸的生长性能Item16,13,12%CP14,11.5,11%CP+Lysine14,11.5,11%CPD

35、aily gain,kg.75.75.64Daily feed,kg2.542.532.43Gain/feed.29.29.26Easter and Baker(1980)Effect of Lysine Addition to a Diet Formulate with Cottonseed Meal and Sorghum 以棉籽粕和高粱配制的日粮添加赖氨酸的效果ItemSoybean meal standardCottonseed Meal+Lysine.60.70.80No.10191919Initial wt.,kgs18.318.518.118.6Daily gain,kg.235

36、.213.206.230Daily feed,kg.85.65.69.79Gain/feed2.352.132.062.30Knabe et al.,1980Chemical Score of a 11%and 15.5%Crude Protein,Corn-Soybean Meal Diet for the 50-80 kg PigAminoacidCP in DietRequirement%provided by diet11%15.5%11%15.5%Lysine.45.77.6668.18116.67Tryptophan.10.17.1283.33141.67Threonine.40.

37、58.4393.02134.88Isoleucine.41.63.37110.81170.27Met+Cys.43.55.39110.26141.03Leucine1.171.48.67174.63220.90Histidine.30.42.21142.86200.00Valine.52.74.45115.56164.44Phe+Tyr.891.30.63141.27206.35Arginine.58.94.24241.67391.67Based on the NRC(1998)Growth of Pigs Fed Reduced-Protein Diets with Lysine9.097.

38、8 kg 阶段猪饲喂低蛋白日粮添加赖氨酸，色氨酸和苏氨酸的效果ItemNormal C.P.Reduced C.P.Reduced CP+Lys,Thr,TrpDaily gain,kg.70.62.71Daily feed,kg1.851.891.92Gain/feed.38.33.37Dressing%75.9075.9376.83Liver wt.,kg1.661.531.56Leaf fat,kg1.391.791.48Backfat,cm3.163.813.33Loineye,cm231.3526.6531.81Muscle%51.4347.8650.33Kerr(1987)Effe

39、ct of Amino Acid Supplementation on Heat Production by Growing Pigs添加氨基酸对生长猪产热的影响DietHeat ProductionKcal/day/kg.7516%CP corn-soybean meal14012%CP corn-soybean meal13112%CP corn-soybean meal+lysine,threonine&tryptophan132Kerr(1987)玉米豆粕日粮，蛋白水平 16玉米豆粕日粮，蛋白水平 1212 的玉米豆粕日粮赖氨酸，苏氨酸和色氨酸Effect of Reduced-Pro

40、tein Diets with Lysine,Tryptophan and Threonine on N Excretion低蛋白日粮添加赖氨酸，色氨酸和苏氨酸对氮排出的影响ItemNormal C.P.Reduced C.P.Reduced CP+Lys,Thr,TrpN Intake,g/d26.1818.7419.72Fecal N,g/d4.073.643.72Urinary N,g/d4.794.322.54Kerr et al.(1995)Effect of Amino Acid Addition to a Fortified Sorghum Gestation Diet补充了维生

41、素预混料的高粱妊娠日粮中添加氨基酸的效果DietNitrogen retained,g/dSorghum-soybean meal16.72Sorghum12.60Sorghum+Lysine15.76Sorghum+Threonine13.24Sorghum+Lysine+ThreonineCuaron and Easter(1982)氮储留Differential Absorption of Intact-protein and Unbound Lysine完整蛋白质与非结合赖氨酸的区别吸收全部完整蛋白质 合成赖氨酸Effect of Meal Frequency on the Respo

42、nse of Pigs to Supplemental Lysine饲喂次数对猪的添加赖氨酸生长反应的影响Meals/dayLysineg/dayGaing/dayFeed/gain104353.09124912.75604463.01625302.57645532.45Batterham and ONeill(1978)Meal Frequency and Synthetic Amino Acids 饲喂次数与合成氨基酸Assume that ad libitum-fed pigs eat frequent meals and blood levels are constant.假定自由采食

43、的猪采食频繁，血液氨基酸水平保持稳定A concern in animals fed only once each day,eg.,gestating sows.关注那些每天只饲喂一次的猪，如妊娠母猪Nutrient Requirements for Swine 猪的营养需要量AminoacidLiveweight,体重，kg1-55-1010-2020-5050-110ArginineHistidineIsoleucineLeucineLysineMethionine+CystinePhe+Tyr 苯丙酪Threonine 苏氨酸Tryptophan 色氨酸Valine 缬氨酸NRC(198

44、8)The only classification criterion is weight.Gender,genotype and environment are ignored 仅以体重为分级标准，性别，遗传型和环境因素忽略不计氨基酸精氨酸组氨酸异亮氨酸亮氨酸赖氨酸Fact about Requirements 关于需要量Expressed as a percent of the diet 以占日粮百分比形式表示Decrease with age 随年龄增加而降低Increase with increasing caloric density of diet随日粮热量浓度增加而增加Are g

45、reater for gilts than barrows母猪的需要量大于阉公猪的需要量Are greater for more muscular animals肌肉型猪的需要量更大Are greater for maximal leanness than maximal gain达到最大瘦肉量的需要量比获得最大增重所需更大Are affected by the protein level in the diet受日粮蛋白水平影响Effect of Dietary Lysine on Growth Performance and Carcass Traits of Late Finishing

46、 Gilts 日粮赖氨酸水平对肥育后期小母猪生长性能和胴体性状的影响Digestible Lysine,%.35.43.50.58.65Gain,g/d834906993969976Feed,g/d3215 3341334332413218Gain/feed260271297299303Lean gain,g/d307332354365366Backfat,mm22.121.020.021.020.4L.dorsi,cm211.59.59.18.18.3Hahn(1994)Effect of Dietary Lysine on Growth Performance and Carcass Tr

47、aits of Late Finishing Barrows日粮赖氨酸水平对肥育后期阉公猪生长性能和胴体性状的影响Digestible Lysine,%.35.43.50.58.65Gain,g/d914965111810461057Feed,g/d3547 3601394536853749Gain/feed255267284282281Lean gain,g/d276296344347337Backfat,mm29.826.830.724.125.1L.dorsi,cm238.337.537.141.140.0Hahn(1994)可消化赖氨酸Lysine Requirement for La

48、te Finishing Pigs肥育后期猪的赖氨酸需要量Breakpoints:转折点 Barrow=.56%lysine 阉公猪 Gilt=.64%lysine 后备母猪Hahn,1994Lysine Requirement for Late Finishing Pigs肥育后期猪的赖氨酸需要量Breakpoints:转折点 Barrow=.57%lysine Gilt=.64%lysineHahn,1994Performance and Carcass Composition of Pigs Housed Two per Pen and Fed Two Protein Regimes i

49、n Early&Late Finishing 肥育早期和后期，每圈两头，喂以两种蛋白水平日粮猪的生长性能和胴体组成SexBarrows 阉公猪Gilts 小母猪Crude protein,%14.5/13.517.0%14.5/13.5 17.0%Daily gain,g104310331003998Daily feed,g3437332230363143Gain/feed304312332318Lean gain,g/d337336365356Carcass yield,%74.974.673.974.0Loin eye,cm237.437.537.938.410th rib backfat

50、,mm26.826.524.022.5Hahn(1994)性别粗蛋白日增重日采食量增重饲料比 瘦肉增加量胴体产量眼肌面积第十肋背膘Performance and Carcass Composition of Pigs Housed Nine per Pen and Fed Two Protein Regimes in Early&Late Finishing 肥育早期和后期，每圈九头，喂以两种蛋白水平日粮猪的生长性能和胴体组成SexBarrowsGiltsCrude protein,%14.5/13.517.0%14.5/13.5 17.0%Daily gain,g 日增重1043928877