高考英语书面表达的五步法.ppt

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1、高考英语书面表达的五步法高考英语书面表达的五步法金堂县竹篙中学校高中英语教研组金堂县竹篙中学校高中英语教研组万敦括一、问题的提出 n分析纵观近几年的高考英语发展态势：书面表达旨在训练学生对所学语言知识的实践应用，特别是测试学生的语言交际能力和语言知识的活用能力的必考题型，也是高考中重要且难度较大的题型，所占分值为25分，要在30分钟内写出80100个词左右的短文。n从高考评卷及平时测验题，学生在做书面表达题时，得分率较低，卷面普遍存在的缺点：文不对题（文体格式不规范）离题太远（抓不到要点，该说的不说，不该说的说的太多）词不达意（有的甚至用汉语标注或留空）病句太多（时态、语态、人称、数等语法）卷

2、面不工整（字迹潦草、乱涂改、添插箭头满篇飞）。如何指导学生克服上述缺点，少犯错误，提高该题的得分率？笔者通过对近几年高考题分析，结合多年的教学实践认为，采用“五步法”，是提高书面表达题有效的方法。二、五步法n第一步：明确体裁，掌握格式n学生的书面表达往往存在不讲究逻辑、文体和格式的现象，所以很有必要让学生明确常见的几种文体和格式。就中学阶段，最常见的文体有：应用文（书信、通知、日记、便条）、记叙文和说明文。近十年NMET书面表达内容题材不外乎上述三种文体。我们知道：中学教材的内容，涵盖了所有体裁，同学们应该结合课文，分类按题材归纳，掌握各种文体的写作特点及格式。若是记叙文，要弄清事件的时间、若

3、是记叙文，要弄清事件的时间、地点、人物、原因和结果；若是说明文，要了地点、人物、原因和结果；若是说明文，要了解说明的主旨以及说明的顺序；若是以图画形解说明的主旨以及说明的顺序；若是以图画形式提供情景，即看图作文，首先应看懂每幅图式提供情景，即看图作文，首先应看懂每幅图的意思，还要弄懂几幅图之间的关系。的意思，还要弄懂几幅图之间的关系。第二步：抓住要点，一一对应。n能否找出覆盖主要内容所有要点能否找出覆盖主要内容所有要点是得高分的关键是得高分的关键，高考的评分标准一般分五个档次，要点越齐全，得高分的可能性就越大；反之，若欠缺要点或描述与表达内容要点无关的，得分当然低。一般要求找出5-6个要点，可

4、先用汉语或用keywords列出。n如：nNMET2002书面表达答案内容要点：n1、60%的同学认为不应收门票n2、公园是公众休闲的地方n3、如收门票，需建大门、围墙、会影响城市形象n4、40%的同学认为应收门票，但票价不宜高n5、门票收入支付园林工人工资、购新花木第三步：选词造句，点石成金。n书面表达要求用100词左右写出包含5-6个要点的短文。从近几年高考英语参考答案看，一般都以810个句子组成一篇文章。若用较少于8句话来表达，则句子容易复杂冗长，容易失控；若用多于10句话来表述，则句子零乱与琐碎，文章缺乏整体感。且大多数用简单句，少数用并列句和复合句。n因此，在教学中首先应对简单句五种

5、基本句型以及“therebe存在结构”等进行强化训练，然后对并列句、复合句进行适当的训练，使学生获得了扎实的句子结构基础知识，从而从根本上为迅速提高书面表达能力打下了扎实的基础。n另外，应提醒学生在做题时，要善于避生就熟，如某个词、某个句型想不起来时，可采用“回避”的方法，在不改变原有意思的前提下，转换为自己熟悉和有把握的词语和句型自己熟悉和有把握的词语和句型来表达题中所规定的内容要点。但切忌中文式的英语，或根据英语语法人为地编造一些不地道的语言材料。英语和汉语一样，词汇丰富，表达方式多种多样。当遇到某一难以直接表达的要点时，不妨变通一下，进行“曲线”表达。n如：NMET2002：“公园是公众

6、休闲的地方。”既可用复合句：Peopleneedaplacewheretheycanrestandenjoythemselves.也可用简单句：Peopleneedaplacetohavearestandenjoythemselves.或：Parkisagoodplaceforpeopletorelaxandenjoythemselvesin.n又如：“游客纷至沓来”这句话，很多学生不能用英语写出“纷至沓来”这个成语，但是可以用以下几种表达方式：nAlargenumberofvisitorscomeherenTherearelotsofvisitorscominghereeverydaynMa

7、nypeoplevisithereeverydaynAlotofpeoplepayavisithereeveryday第四步：合理安排，联句成文。n书面表达不仅仅是“句子堆积”,要注意文章的连贯性和逻辑性。如何使文章上下衔接自然、紧凑？用好各种连接词连接词，对写出一篇有“英语味”的文章很重要。要求学生按照合理的顺序或按一定的写作线索选用适应的连接词，将句子连珠成串，使各句连成结构紧凑、层次分明、语义连贯的短文。因此，教学时，教师可介绍一些常用连接成分。n这样，在掌握了常用连接词的基础上，学生叙述事件时，就不会杂乱无序，东扯一句西扯一句，前言不搭后语，就知道怎样用连接词来连接所要表达的内容了。n

8、请看NMET2002年的书面表达范文。nImwritingtotellyouaboutthediscussionwevehadaboutwhetheranentrancefeeshouldbechargedforparks.nOpinionsaredividedonthequestion.60%ofthestudentsareagainsttheideaofentrancefees.Theybelieveapublicparkshouldbefreeofcharge.Peopleneedaplacewheretheycanrestandenjoythemselves.Chargingentra

9、ncefeeswillnodoubtkeepsomepeopleaway.What is more,itwillbecomenecessarytobuildgatesandwalls,whichwilldoharmtotheappearanceofacity.nOn the other hand,40%thinkthatfeesshouldbechargedbecauseyouneedmoneytopaygardenersandotherworkers,andtobuyplantsandyoungtrees.Theysuggest,however,feesshouldbechargedlow.

10、n范文中采用了斜体部分的连接词与短语，不仅使文章具有较强的逻辑性，而且使文章显得更紧凑、连贯、更有水平。n如何通过使用连接词、句子结构及词汇使一个平淡的文章变得丰富起来。可以让学生比较下面三个段落。nIopenedthedoor,Iwentintotheroom.Iwalkedtothewindow.Iopenedthewindow.Ilookedout.Therearemanyoldwomendoingmorningexercises.Iwatchedthemforsometime.n这是一个干巴巴的段落，下面加一些连接词及一些语法结构后就有很大改观。nAfter Iopenedthedoo

11、r,Iwentintotheroom.Itwasdarkinsidetheroom,soIwalkedtowardthewindowandopenedit.Isawsomeoldwomenwho weredoingmorningexercisesandwatchedthemforsometime.n同样这样一件事，下面再加些改动会更精彩。nAfter openingthedoor,Iwentintotheroom.Itwasdarkinsidetheroom,so Iopenedawindowtolet in some light.Isawmanyoldwomendoing morningex

12、ercises.Istoodatthewindow,watching themforsometime.n从以上我们可以看出，要使文章写得连贯、流畅，就要准确恰当地使用各种表示时间先后时间先后、时间顺序等时间顺序等方面的连接词连接词，以及运用丰富丰富的词汇和得当的句子结构的词汇和得当的句子结构，这些丰富的词汇和得当的句子结构可以给文章增色不少，从而使整篇文章因此而生辉。第五步：检查修改，誊写工整。n做书面表达时，力求用词准确。作文草稿写完后应认真阅读，检查文章中的拼写和标点错误、语法错误、逻辑错误等；检查词数是否符合要求；检查内容要点是否全面，删繁就简，使表达更加精炼，措词更加恰当。定稿后应认真

13、誊写，要求书写规范、正确、美观，并保持卷面整洁。n参加高考阅卷者都有这样的体会：要在参加高考阅卷者都有这样的体会：要在比较短的时间里，阅读完一篇作文，当比较短的时间里，阅读完一篇作文，当看到那些字迹潦草卷面不整洁的，心情看到那些字迹潦草卷面不整洁的，心情就特别烦，评分可能比想象的要更低；就特别烦，评分可能比想象的要更低；而看到那些书写规范、卷面整洁的，就而看到那些书写规范、卷面整洁的，就倍感爽心悦目，有可能得到比较高的分倍感爽心悦目，有可能得到比较高的分数，这也是情理之中的事情。数，这也是情理之中的事情。因此，在训练时，同学们要养成书写工整、规范，书写工整、规范，卷面整洁卷面整洁的习惯，在做高

14、考题时，才不致书写潦草、卷面不整洁，从而导致丢失本来不该丢的分。n总之，上述“五步法”不仅是做好书面表达题的基本操作流程，也是考生克服普遍存在缺点，少犯错误比较有效的方法。它能指导学生在有限的时间里，进行有效的训练复习，更好地提高书面表达题的成绩。nThankyouforyourlistening!竹篙中学竹篙中学2006届高三专题训练之书面表达届高三专题训练之书面表达参考答案参考答案n对同一事件的讨论对同一事件的讨论：（一）：（一）nShould students make friends on line?Some people say yes.Theinternethelpsmake ma

15、ny friends.Chatting on line,students can more freely express theirfeelings and opinions,and even get helpwiththeirforeignlanguagestudies.nnOthers,however,thinkstudentsshouldnot.Theysay making friends on line is a waste of time,which should be spent more meaningfully on study.Besides,some students ge

16、t cheated online.nIt is my opinion that students should place their study,health and safety before other things.Asforfriendship,wecanreadilyfinditinourclassmatesandotherpeoplearoundus.(三)nDearEditor,nIm a senior three student.Im writing to tell you my opinion on whether middle school students can go

17、 to school with mobile phones.I think they can do that.Becausestudentscanstayintouchwiththeirfriendsandfamilywherevertheyare.Besides,themobilephoneisawaytohavefun.nHowever,there are some problems with using mobilephones.The ring of phones can disturb teachers andstudentsintheclassroom.Anotherproblem

18、isthat some students can spend too much time and money on phone calls and sending messages.nIn conclusion,Isuggeststudentsnotusephones in the classroom.Also,as it isexpensive,theownershouldtakegoodcareofit.nYourssincerely,nLiHua（七）n一、内容要点n1部分同学赞成迁出部分同学赞成迁出n2游客多，交通堵塞；郊区环境好游客多，交通堵塞；郊区环境好n3部分同学反对迁出部分同学

19、反对迁出n4历历史史悠悠久久，中中外外闻闻名名；易易造造成成动动物物死死亡亡n5合适的结尾合适的结尾二、Onepossibleversion:nJune3,2005nDearEditor,nRecently,our class have had a heateddiscussionaboutwhethertheBeijingZooshouldbemovedoutofthecity.Someofmyclassmatesare in favor ofthemove.Theysaylargecrowdsoftouriststothezoowillresultintrafficjams.Theyals

20、osaythatoncenmoved,animalswillhavemorespaceandbetterlivingconditions in the suburbs.However,other students areagainst the idea,saying that the Beijing Zoo,built in 1906,hasahistoryof100years,andiswellknownat home and abroad.Soitshouldremainwhereitis.Whats more,movingmaycausethedeathofsomeanimals.To

21、move or not,thisisabigdecisionwhichhastobemadebypeopleinBeijing.nYourstruly,nLiHuan（八）nDearEditor,nIm writing to tell you about a recent discussion our class have had on whether or not university students should be financially independent.n60%of the students think that universitystudentsdonthavetobe

22、financiallyindependent,becausetrying to make moneywillaffecttheirstudies.Theyalsothinkthat they can repay their parents in the future.n25%ofmyclassmatesholdtheviewthat doing part-time jobs will help one gain work experience and learn more of society.Besides,whenstudentsfindit hard to make money,they

23、wontwastetheirmoneyanylonger.n15%ofthestudents,including myself,partlyagreewiththeopinionsabove.PersonallyIthinkthatasgrownups,weshouldnotdependonourparentsanymore.However,if our parents can afford to pay the tuition for us,weshouldputourstudiesinthefirstplace.nThankyouforreadingmyletternYours,nLiHu

24、a（一二）n一、评分原则（一二）n1本题总分为本题总分为25分，按分，按5个档次给分。个档次给分。（一二）n2评评分分时时，先先根根据据文文章章内内容容和和语语言言初初步步确确定定其其所所属属档档次次，然然后后以以该该档档次次的的要要求求来来衡衡量量，确确定或调整档次，最后给分。定或调整档次，最后给分。（一二）n3词词数数少少于于80和和多多于于120的的，从从总总分分中中减减去去2分。分。（一二）n4评评分分时时，应应注注意意的的主主要要内内容容为为：内内容容要要点点、应应用用词词汇汇和和语语法法结结构构的的数数量量和和准准确确性性及及上上下下文文的连贯性。的连贯性。（一二）n5拼拼写写与与

25、标标点点符符号号是是语语言言准准确确性性的的一一个个方方面面，评评分分时时，应应视视其其对对交交际际的的影影响响程程度度予予以以考考虑虑。英、美拼与及词汇用法均可接受。英、美拼与及词汇用法均可接受。（一二）n6如书写较差，以至影响交际，将分数降低如书写较差，以至影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。一个档次。（一二）n二、内容要点n1赞同儿童时期开始学英语。n2儿童记忆力好，记单词多。n3为今后打基础。n4反对从儿童时期开始学英语。n5既学汉语拼音又学英语易混淆。n6影响今后的汉语和英语的学习。n7结尾句。三、各档次的给分范围和要求n第五档n完全完成了试题规定的任务。n覆盖所有内容要点。n应用了较多的

26、语法结构和词汇n语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结n构或较高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言运用能力n有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。n完全达到了预期的写作目的。n（2125分）n第四档n完全完成了试题规定的任务。n虽漏掉1、2个次重，但覆盖所有主要内容。n应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求n语法结构或词汇方面应用基本准确，些许错误主要是因尝试较复杂n语法结构或词汇所致。n应用简单的语句间连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。n达到了预期的写作目的。n（1620分）n第三档n基本完成了试题规定的任务。n虽漏掉一些内容，但覆盖主要内容。n应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求n有一些

27、语法结构和词汇方面的错误，但不影响理解。n应用简单的语句间连接成分，使全文内容连贯。n整体而言，基本达到了预期的写作目的。n（1115分）n第二档第二档n未恰当完成试题规定的任务。未恰当完成试题规定的任务。n漏漏掉掉或或未未描描述述清清楚楚一一些些主主要要内内容容，写写了了一一些些无无关关内内容。容。n语法结构单调、词汇项目有限。语法结构单调、词汇项目有限。n有有一一些些语语法法结结构构或或词词汇汇方方面面的的错错误误，影影响响了了对对写写作作内容的理解。内容的理解。n较少使用语句间的连接成分，内容缺少连贯性。较少使用语句间的连接成分，内容缺少连贯性。n信息未能清楚地传达给读者。信息未能清楚地

28、传达给读者。n（610分）分）n第一档第一档n未完成试题规定的任务。未完成试题规定的任务。n明明显显遗遗漏漏主主要要内内容容，写写了了一一些些无无关关内内容容，原原因因可可能能是是未未理理解解试试题要求。题要求。n语法结构单调、词汇项目有限。语法结构单调、词汇项目有限。n较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响对写作内容的理解。较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响对写作内容的理解。n缺乏语句间的连接成分，内容不连贯。缺乏语句间的连接成分，内容不连贯。n信息未能清楚地传达给读者。信息未能清楚地传达给读者。n（15分）分）n0分分n未未能能传传达达给给读读者者任任何何信信息息：内内容容太太少少，无无法法评

29、评判判；写写的的内内容容无无关关或所写内容无法看清。或所写内容无法看清。n四、说明四、说明n1内容要点可用不同方式表达。n2对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分。n3结尾句与上文内容衔接紧密，合乎逻辑。五、OnePossibleVersionnThestudentsofClass3hadadiscussionaboutwhether it is necessary to start learning English from childhood.Some of them think that English learning should startfromchildhood.Aslittleboys

30、andgirlshaveaverygoodmemory,theycanlearnalotofEnglishwordsbyheart.ThiswillhelpthemlayasolidfoundationfortheirfutureEnglish learning.But others do not agree.YoungchildrenhavetolearnChinesepinyinatschool.IftheystudyChinesepinyinandEnglishatthesametime,itwillbeveryeasyforthemtomixthemup.Thiswilldoaloto

31、fharmnotonlytotheirChineselearningbutalsototheirfutureEnglishlearning.In short,thestudentshavenotarrivedatanyagreement:yet.（二三）nDearSir,nIm a student of senior 3.I am writing to tell you about the discussion weve had about whether to board in the school or at home.Atthebeginningofthisterm,myparentsa

32、ndteachersaskedmetoboardintheschool.Theysayitwillbeveryconvenientformetoaskquestionswheneverandwherever.Besides,theythinkboardingwillmakeitpossibletomakefullofuseofmynighttime,andthatIcanalsodeveloptheabilitytolookaftermyself.However,Ihavemyownthought.Staying at home in the evening,Iwillhavemoretime

33、toworkatmylessons.At the same time,IcanlearnwhatIthinkImnotgoodat.Ireallydontknowwhattodo.Pleasegivemeyouradvice!nYours,nLiHua介绍情况类(二)nHere is a map of China with todays weathersituations.InthesouthofChina,asyoucanseeinGuangzhou,it is cloudy and sometimes evenrains;so its with Shanghai,whileinthenor

34、thyou may have pleasant weather.The sun isshininginBeijingaswellasinHarbin,yet itisntwarmenoughinApril.InLasaitsnows;sodoesitinUrumuqiandtheaveragetemperatureoftheyear is usually at about zero to 10 degreescentigrade.WindisblowingthroughSouthChinaSea,EastChinaSeaandYellowSea.nnConsidering different

35、areas with differentweathers,itsbetterforyoutomakesuchproperpreparationsforthetravelaswintersuits,sweaters and umbrellas as well.Iwishyoubothagoodandhappyjourney.（一四）nMynameisZhangHui,a young Chinese of twenty one.Iliveat No.38 on Zhongshan Road,Chaoyang District of Bei jing.After graduating fromNo.

36、23MiddleSchoolofBeijingin1999,IenteredBeijingUniversitytostudyenvironmentalscience.ItisfouryearssinceIstartedtolearnhow to use a computer.InmysparetimeIlikecollectingstamps,andfootballismyfavoritesport.nIllbeveryhappytomakenewfriends.Ifanyonefeelsjust the same,please get in touch with me within twow

37、eeksbygivingmeaphonecall.(010-663894200oranE-mail().（一五）nDearBob，nItsverykindofyoutowritemeandletmeknowaboutyourbeautifulcity.NowIdliketotellyousomethingaboutmyhometownJiangcheng.nThecitystands onthebankoftheChangjiangRiver.Itisabeautifulplaceforpeopletolivein.Itseconomyhas been developingrapidlyin

38、the past ten years.Newfactories,housesandroadshavebeenbuilt.More schools and hospitals are available for its people.However,therearestillsomeproblems,suchaswaterandairpollutionandheavytrafficinrushhours.In my opinion,Jiangchengshoulddevelopitseconomyscientifically.Iwouldalsothinkthatthegrowthofitspo

39、pulationshouldbebroughtundercontrolso thatwellhaveabetterhometowninfuture.nYours,nXiaohuan（一八）n内容要点：n1才艺大赛的内容和对象n2比赛时间n3报名时间和地点n4建议参加，表示可提供帮助nDearPeter,nIreadinanewspapertodaythata“LearnChinese,SingChineseSongs”ForeignersTalentShowwillbeheldinBeijingTelevisionStationonJuly18.Iknow youlikesinging,and

40、 that you are in Beijing during that period.Ithinkthisisagoodchanceforyoutoshowyoursingingtalent,and how well youve learned Chinese.If youwouldliketotry,youllhavetogototheTVstationtosignupbeforetheendofJune.IfthereisanythingIcandoforyou,Iwouldbemorethangladtohelp.nYours,nLiHua（二）nLiHua，my best frien

41、d，isnowa first-year studentinBeijingUniversityHeislively，activeandalwaysfullofconfidenceHehasformedgoodlearninghabitssincechildhoodFor one thing，heplanseverythingcarefully，andneverputsoffhisworkFor another，healwaysconcentratesonwhateverheisdoingandnevergivesuphalfwayMoreover，hehasdevelopedcreativeth

42、inkingand often solves problems in different waysGood student as he is，hesneverproudandalwaysreadytohelpandlearnfromothersBesides，helivesaregularlifeandtakesanactivepartinsports，which keeps him healthy and energeticAltogether，in my opinion，heisafineexampletousall（106words）（二一）nDearSir,nImaseniormidd

43、leschoolstudent.Whenever I go to school,Icanseesomepeoplebreaking traffic rules.For example,somepassers-byandcyclistsoftengointothecrossroadswhenthetrafficlightsarestillred,andsomecarsexceedthespeedlimitwhentheyrunonbusystreets if there are no policemen working there.I hate theseoffendersbutIcantdoa

44、nythingtostopthem.Ithinkitisthedutyofeverycitizentoobeythetrafficrules.I suggest that we have more policemen or assistants working at the crossroads and on the busy streets.Whoever breaks the rules should be fined or punished.Inthisway,theywillnotbreakthetrafficrulesagain.nYourssincerely,nLiHua看图作文（

45、五）nItwassnowingheavilyonMondaymorning.LiHuawasatthebusstop,waiting for Bus No.601 to go to school.Afterawhile,abuscameandshegotonit.Thereweremanypassengersinthebus.Someweretalkingandsomewere looking out of the windows.Suddenly the busstopped.Thedriverturnedaroundandsaid,“Sorry.Thebushasbrokendown.Pl

46、easegetoffandhelppushthebus.”When they heard this,Li Hua and the otherpassengersgotoffthebus.Theyworkedhardtogether,pushing the bus slowly forward.Soon the bus wasrunningagain.Allthepassengersweresmilingandthesunwasshining.（一）nA young man was reading an employmentnoticeon abulletinboard.Having decid

47、ed to take this job,hewenthometodresshimselfupimmediately.While combing his hairinfrontofamirror,hesangsongsfeeling excited.Afterthat,hewentbybiketohaveaninterviewwiththeboss.Onhisway,hefound a car stuck in the mud.Thedrivercoulddonothingaboutit.Hethenhelpedtopushthecarout.Hewasdirtyallover.nThen he

48、 hurried to the interview.He was sweatingwhen he got there;but to his surprise,the person in charge of the interview was the car driver himself.（一三）nI will spend this summer holiday in the countryside.Although thecityismodernandconvenient,therearestillsomeproblems,suchasairpollution,crowdedness andn

49、oise.InthecountrysideIcanenjoyacomfortableandquietlife.There,theairisfreshandthewaterisclean.Trees are green and birds are singing.I can also goboating,fishing and swimming in the lake.Whats more,Icanclimbthehills.Allthiswillbeinterestingandgoodformyhealth.Above all,Icanlearnmoreaboutnature.So I wan

50、t to go to the countryside for a change.Im looking forward to the coming of my summer holiday.n().（一七）nOneSundaymorning,thereweresomepeopleinZhongshanPark.At a stand,awomanwasbuyinganice-creamwhenayoungmanbehindhersnatchedherhandbagaway.Sheshouted:“Stopthief!Hessnatchedmybag!”Hearing this,afewpeople