液化石油气(LPG).ppt

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1、Chapter 1 Separation ProcessesIntroduction of advanced separation process Separation process:Early civilizations developed techniques:(1)extract metals from ores (2)evaporate sea water to obtain salt (3)refine rock asphalt(沥青）沥青）(4)distill liquors Separations,including enrichment,concentration,purif

2、ication,refining,and isolation,are important to chemical engineers.(for example?)The processes which separate chemical mixtures into products that differ in chemical content in chemical industry.MembranceAbsorptionAdsorption1.1 Industrial chemical processes The mixing of chemicals to form a mixture

3、is a spontaneous,ntural process that is accompanied by an increase in entropy or randomness.The inverse process,the separation of that mixture into its consitituent chemical species,is not a spontaneous process.1.Mode of chemical operation process:(1)Batchwise (2)Continuous (3)SemicontinuousChapter

4、1 Separation Processes(1)How can we carry out the separation process?(2)Mass or Energy?(3)The mode?(4)Separation process is extended 液化石油气(LPG)、Liquefied Petroleum Gas航空燃料Methane-rich gasWet natural gasAbsorberDemethanizer (reboiledabsorption)Absorbentrecovery(distillation)Recycle absorbentEthaneDee

5、thanizer(distillation)PropaneDepropanizer(distillation)Debutanizer(distillation)Deisobutanizer(distillation)Normal butaneNatural gasolineIsobutaneFigure 1.3 Process for recovery of light hydrocarbons from casinghead gas.Casing keisig n.包装包装,保护性的外套；汽保护性的外套；汽车外胎；（门、窗的）框车外胎；（门、窗的）框Casinghead gas n.(产于油

6、井的产于油井的)天然瓦斯天然瓦斯油井气油井气,套管头套管头(天然天然)气气Importance of the separation process?1.Feeds need separate2.Products need separation3.Environmental protection need separationSeparationprocessFeed mixture to be separatedFigure 1.6 General separation processSeparating agents(Energy or mass)Product 1Product 2Prod

7、uct N.1.2 Mechanism of separationChapter 1 Separation ProcessesChapter 1 Separation Processes1.2 Mechanism of separationSeparation rateGoverned by mass transferSeparation extentLimited by thermodynamic equilibriumFluid mechanics also plays an important roleTowerProperties of the chemical species pre

8、sent in the feedMolecular propertiesThemodynamic and transport propertiesMolecular weightMolecular shapepolarizabilityVapour pressureSolubilityAbsorptivityDiffusivityChapter 1 Separation Processes1.3 Classification of separation methods1.Mechanical separation method (filtration,sedimentation)2.Mass

9、Transfer separation method(1)Equilibria separation method(distillation,absorption,extraction)(2)Speed controlled separation method(diffusion,membrane separation,reverse osmosis)(3)Reaction separation method filtration过滤 sedimentation沉降（sedimentation）Chapter 1 Separation Processes1.4 The content of t

10、his subject 1.Introduction 2.Thermodynamics of Separation Operations 3.Enhanced distillation and supercritical extraction 4.Membrane separationChapter 1 Separation Processes1.4 Exercises一、Important VocabularyExtract,evaporate,refine,distill,asphaltEnrichment,concentration,purification,batchwiseConti

11、nuous,semicontinuousLPGMethane Ethane Propane butane Isobutanenatural gas,recovery,demethanizerAbsorber,absorbentChapter 1 Separation Processes1.4 Exercises二、Important Conceptions1.Separation processes2.Key operations Mechanism of separation Classification of separation methods3.Separating agents Ch

12、apter 1 Separation Processes三、Brief Introduction fuel 燃料（燃油）燃料（燃油）petroleum(crude)石油（原油）石油（原油）reference fuel 基准燃油基准燃油gasoline(petrol)汽油汽油artificial gasoline 人造汽油人造汽油natural gasoline 天然汽油天然汽油direct distilled gasoline 直馏汽油直馏汽油 fuel petroleum(crude)reference fuel gasoline(petrol)artificial gasoline nat

13、ural gasoline direct distilled gasolineChapter 1 Separation Processes三、Brief Introduction low lead fuel 低含铅汽油低含铅汽油unleaded gasoline 无铅汽油无铅汽油ethylized gasoline 乙基汽油乙基汽油casing head gasoline 气体汽油气体汽油fuel mixture 燃油混合气燃油混合气diesel fuel 柴油柴油kerosene 煤油煤油liquefied petroleum gas(LPG)液化石油气液化石油气 low lead fuel

14、 unleaded gasoline ethylized gasoline casing head gasoline fuel mixture diesel fuel kerosene liquefied petroleum gas(LPG)Chapter 1 Separation Processes四、Exercises1Separation rate Governed by（）2.Separation extent Limited by（）3.Molecular properties included()4.Themodynamic and transport properties()th

15、ermodynamic equilibriummass transferMolecular weight,Molecular shape,polarizabilityVapour pressure,Solubility,Absorptivity,DiffusivityChapter 1 Separation Processes五、Problems1.Separation process?2.Which kinds of separation operation modes are adopted in industrial production?Explain each mode.3.What is key operation,auxiliary operation in separation process?governed by what?4.Draw the flow chart of general separation process.5.Separating agents may be classified as what?6.Classify method of separating.