高岭土为原料的微纳米A型分子筛的合成性能及机理研究.doc
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1、高岭土为原料的微纳米A型分子筛的合成、性能及机理研究摘要:A型分子筛作为微孔材料,具有丰富的孔结构、规则的孔道分布,因而在催化材料、吸附材料、分离材料、光电材料、功能材料等领域具有广泛的应用,为社会发展创造巨大的价值。目前,以高岭土等矿物材料为原料合成分子筛是其发展趋势,高岭土是一种天然硅铝酸盐矿物,在我国储量十分丰富。本论文以高岭土为原料,利用水热合成法制备了A型分子筛。研究了陈化温度、陈化时间、晶化温度、晶化时间以及减浓度对4A型分子筛结晶度的影响,得出了制备A型分子筛的最优工艺参数。研究了KCl的加入量对3A型分子筛结晶度和静态饱和吸水量的影响。通过模板法制备出二维A型分子筛材料,并对其
2、微观结构进行研究。同时,对高岭土制备 A 型分子筛的形成机理进行了系统的研究。本研究在绿色环保、高岭土深加工、降低分子筛制备成本、拓宽分子筛应用领域等方面都具有重大的理论和应用价值。本论文的创新点如下:(1)以高岭土为原料一步水热合成法制备出3A型分子筛材料,解决3A型分子筛合成过程繁琐、合成周期长的问题。(2)采用模板法,以高岭土为原料,制备出非常规结构的二维A型分子筛材料。本论文取得的成果以及主要结论如下:(1)高岭土的硅铝比约为2.5,适合制备A型分子筛材料。热重-差热分析结果表明活化温度为:600900。(2) 高岭土制备4A型分子筛,在水热合成过程中,通过单因素实验法确定了最佳工艺条
3、件:碱浓度2.5 molL-1,陈化温度60,陈化时间4h,晶化温度90,晶化时间4h。研究结果表明合成4A型分子筛的结晶度为90.7%,比表面积为21.106 m2g-1。TEM研究结果表明4A型分子筛的晶体结构属于体心立方结构(BCC)以及4A型分子筛是多晶体。EDX能谱分析结果表明4A型分子筛的Si/Al比为1.0。另外,通过4A型分子筛的热稳定性研究得出:4A型分子筛的相转变温度是600 ;4A型分子筛的总质量损失为14.7(3) 高岭土制备3A型分子筛,KCl的加入量为25%时,3A型分子筛的结晶度为75.4%,比表面积为17.6526 m2g-1,静态饱和吸水量为190.992 m
4、gg-1。(4) 高岭土制备二维LTA型分子筛,石墨烯的加入量为10.0%时,分子筛的结晶度为69.0%,比表面积为39.774 m2g-1。(5) 高岭土合成LTA型分子筛的机理可分为三个主要阶段:(a)硅氧四面体和铝氧四面体相互结合形成二级结构单元四元环和六元环;(b)通过聚合将二级结构单元相互连接,以形成大型的六角柱笼和笼结构单元。(c)LTA型分子筛晶体生长。 可以得出由高岭土合成LTA型分子筛是一种液相转变机理。关键词:高岭土;A型分子筛;性能;形成机理Study on Synthesis, Properties and Mechanism of Kaolin-based Micro
5、-nano A Molecular SieveAbstract: A-type molecular sieve, as a microporous material, has a rich pore structure and a regular distribution of pore channels, so it has a wide range of applications in the fields of catalytic materials, adsorption materials, separation materials, photovoltaic materials,
6、and functional materials, creating great value for social development. At present, the synthesis of molecular sieves with mineral materials such as kaolin is the development trend. Kaolin is a natural aluminosilicate mineral, which is abundant in China. In this thesis, a type A molecular sieve was p
7、repared using kaolin as a raw material by hydrothermal synthesis. The effects of aging temperature, aging time, crystallization temperature, crystallization time and concentration reduction on the crystallinity of 4A-type molecular sieves were studied, and the optimal process parameters for preparin
8、g A-type molecular sieves were obtained. The effects of KCl addition on the crystallinity and static saturated water absorption of 3A molecular sieves were studied. A two-dimensional A-type molecular sieve material was prepared by the template method, and its microstructure was studied. At the same
9、time, the formation mechanism of A-type molecular sieves prepared by kaolin was systematically studied. This research has great theoretical and application value in environmental protection, deep processing of kaolin, reducing the cost of molecular sieve preparation, and broadening the application f
10、ield of molecular sieve.The innovations of this paper are as follows:(1) A 3A molecular sieve material is prepared by one-step hydrothermal synthesis method using kaolin as a raw material, which solves the problems of complicated and long synthesis cycle of the 3A molecular sieve.(2) Using the templ
11、ate method and kaolin as raw materials, a two-dimensional A-type molecular sieve material with an unconventional structure was prepared.The results obtained in this paper and the main conclusions are as follows:(1) The silica-alumina ratio of kaolin is about 2.5, which is suitable for preparing A-ty
12、pe molecular sieve materials. Thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis results show that the activation temperature is: 600 900.(2) 4A molecular sieve prepared from kaolin. The optimal process conditions were determined by single-factor experiments during hydrothermal synthesis: alkali concen
13、tration of 2.5 molL-1, aging temperature of 60, aging time of 4 h, and crystallization. The temperature was 90, and the crystallization time was 4h.The results show that the crystallinity of the synthesized 4A molecular sieve is 90.7% and the specific surface area is 21.106 m2g-1. TEM research resul
14、ts show that the crystal structure of the 4A molecular sieve belongs to the body centered cubic structure (BCC) and that the 4A molecular sieve is polycrystalline. EDX analysis results showed that the Si/Al ratio of 4A molecular sieve was 1.0. In addition, the thermal stability study of 4A molecular
15、 sieves shows that the phase transition temperature of 4A molecular sieves is 600; the total mass loss of 4A molecular sieves is 14.7%(3) 3A molecular sieve prepared from kaolin. When KCl is added at 25%, the crystallinity of 3A molecular sieve is 75.4%, the specific surface area is 17.6526 m2g-1, a
16、nd the static saturated water absorption is 190.992 mgg-1.(4) Two-dimensional LTA molecular sieve prepared from kaolin. When the amount of graphene is 10.0%, the crystallinity of the molecular sieve is 69%, and the specific surface area is 39.774 m2g-1.(5) The mechanism of kaolin to synthesize A mol
17、ecular sieve can be divided into three main stages:(a) a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron and an aluminum-oxygen tetrahedron are combined with each other to form a four-membered ring and a six-membered ring of a secondary structural unit;(b) The secondary structural units are interconnected by polymerizat
18、ion to form a large hexagonal column cage and a -cage structural unit.(c) LTA-type molecular sieve crystal growth. It can be concluded that the synthesis of LTA molecular sieves from kaolin is a liquid phase transition mechanism.Key words: kaolin; A-type molecular sieve; properties; formation mechan
19、ism第一章 绪论1.1高岭土的概述1.1.1 高岭土的结构与性质高岭土,英文称为Kaolin,最后是由中国江西景德镇高岭村发现的一种可以制备陶瓷的白色黏土而得名1。高岭土是一种白色块状黏土,如图1所示。高岭土是一种富含高岭石相的非金属天然黏土矿物2-4。此外,还含有叶腊石、水云母、伊利石、蒙脱石、石英以及长石等其他非高岭石簇矿物5,6。高岭土的化学成分中含有大量的氧化铝和二氧化硅以及非常少量的氧化钛、氧化钙、三氧化二铁和氧化镁等,是一种用处极为广泛的矿产资源7-9。高岭土被广泛应用在陶瓷工业。由于高岭土含有复杂的矿物成分以及粒度较细的特点,使高岭土具有良好的塑性、黏性以及强结合力等优异的性能
20、,有利于陶瓷制品成形10。另外,高岭土中的Al2O3,有利于莫来石的形成,提高陶瓷器件的烧结强度,防止变形。在造纸行业,高岭土被用来作为造纸填料和涂布颜料,使纸张的覆盖性能以及印刷适应性得到提高,从而纸张的质量得到极大地改善11-13。高岭土主要的化学成分是Al2O3和SiO2,其与LTA型分子筛中的铝和硅含量相近。在分子筛的合成过程中,高岭土提供大量的硅源和铝源,使分子筛的成本大大降低。目前,高岭土已经被广泛应用到陶瓷工业、造纸行业、农业方面、橡胶制造、塑料工业、耐火材料和先进的国防技术以及分子筛合成领域等14。图1.1高岭土的实物图Fig. 1.1 Physical map of kaol
21、in1930年,Pauling提出高岭土是典型的1:1型层状硅酸盐,其晶体结构由硅氧四面体层SiO44-和铝氧八面体层AlO2(OH)46-构成15,16。图1.2是高岭土的晶体结构示意图。由图1.2可以看出,硅氧四面体层SiO44-提供氧原子,铝氧八面体层AlO2(OH)46-提供羟基,两则相互结合形成氢键,从而将铝氧八面体层AlO2(OH)46-和硅氧四面体层SiO44-沿着二维方向连接形成高岭石的结构单元层Al4Si4O10(OH)817。由于氢键的结合力相对较弱,高岭土结构中的单元层容易分离形成片状的小颗粒。另外,高岭土结构中各单元层之间通过氢键连接,层间距约为7.2 18。高岭土的晶
22、体化学式为2SiO2Al2O32H2O,理论上SiO2,Al2O3和H2O化学组成分别为46.54,39.5%和13.96%。高岭土化学式中的H2O以羟基形式存在,75%存在于铝氧八面体AlO2(OH)46-亚层外侧,称为内表面羟基,25%存在于铝氧八面体AlO2(OH)46-亚层内侧,称为内羟基19,20。由于高岭土中外羟基与内羟基之比为3,属于三斜晶系,其晶胞参数:a=0.514nm,b=0.893nm,c=0.737nm;= 91.8,=104.5,=90;Z=121-23。图1.2高岭土的晶体结构示意图16,17Fig. 1.2 Schematic diagram of the cry
23、stal structure of kaolin1.1.2 高岭土资源的分布中国的高岭土储量在全世界排名都比较靠前,被探明清楚的高岭土矿区有200多处,已经探明的矿区总储量有29.1亿吨。中国的高岭土资源中,非煤系高岭土的资源总量目前是14.68亿吨,这些非煤系高岭土的矿区主要是在我国东南地区的广东、福建,中部的湖南、江西,东部的江苏以及西北的陕西等六省,这六省的非煤系高岭土储量占全国的绝大部分24,25。而煤系高岭土在中国的探明总量为14.42亿吨,在全世界国家中排名第一26-27。中国的煤系高岭土主要是分布在北方,以内蒙古、陕西、安徽、山西居多,其中内蒙古的煤系高岭土资源储量最多,特别是内
24、蒙古的准格尔煤田含有大量的煤系高岭土资源28。中国的高岭土矿产资源种类丰富,且矿石类型多样。但是中国的高岭土矿石类型主要是砂质的高岭土,该类型高岭土大约占中国高岭土资源总储量的60%左右29-31。其他占比较多的类型还有软质和硬质高岭土,其中这两种矿石的总量占高岭土资源总储量的11%左右32-34。相关数据显示,中国的高岭土矿区主要是以中小型为主,其中中型矿区中国有62处。中型矿区有江西的两处、福建的一处、江苏的一处、广东的两处、广西的两处以及陕西的两处等。另外,中国的高岭土矿区大多都是单一的矿石产地,个别伴生或者共生的矿床矿产区主要含有明矾石、稀土、金和银等物质33。全球的高岭土资源储量大,
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