电子商务环境下的国际贸易方式创新外文翻译.doc

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1、原文一：Green Barriers Trade and its Influences on Chinas Foreign Trade Abstract：In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of

2、 environmental protection.Key words：Green Barriers; products; TradeIn recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environme

3、ntal protection. These regulations have many unfavorable influences on the export of developing countries and are generally known as Green Barriers to trade. In accordance with the provisions of the Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade of WTO, Green Barriers to Trade is defined as the compulsory and

4、 arbitrary Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures of the importing countries in the name of the protection of human health and environment that actually form barriers to trade with an aim to protect its home market and domestic products.1. Analysis on the causes of formati

5、on of Green Trade BarriersFirstly, the worsening of ecology is the major reason for Green Barriers. With the development of industry and technology, the economy increases very fast and the human life has been improved. But at the same time, the development of economy is at a cost of the destruction

6、of environment. The environmental problems have aroused public attention and the international society has begun to make laws to protect environment. In June, 1972, the United Nations published the Stockholm Declaration and stressed the importance of the protection of environment. From then on, more

7、 and more people concern about the environmental problems. The concept of environment has influenced the life of humankinds in every layer and the developed countries began to make very strict environmental protection rules under the pressure of public, which forms a barrier to the international tra

8、de. Secondly, the differences between countries in technology, environmental standards and investment directly cause the Green Trade Barriers. As we know, developed countries surpass the developing countries in science and technology. Even if they make very strict environmental standards, their dome

9、stic products can reach the requirements of strict environmental standards while such standards may constitute barriers to products from developing countries. In fact, these standards may become discriminations against products from the developing countries and constitute a means of arbitrary or unj

10、ustifiable discrimination between country.Thirdly, the rise of protectionism in some developed countries contributes much to the formation of Green barriers. In modern market economy, competition is more severe than before. The domestic industries are directly facing competition from the products of

11、 other countries, and they will urge their governments to take effective measures to protect them from the foreign products. While because of the multilateral negotiations of WTO, the tariffs have been greatly cut down and the use of non-tariff measures has also been restricted. Therefore, many deve

12、loped countries have to resort to some legal restrictions of importation such as Green barriers to protect their home industries, which gives rise to the increase of Green barriers.2. The main forms of Green barriers tradeIn accordance with the related provisions of WTO Agreement on Green Barriers t

13、o Trade, the Green barriers are usually in the forms as follows:2.1 Green TariffSome developed countries would impose import surtax on products that may cause pollution or harms to the environment. If such measure is abused, it will constitute a Green barrier to trade.2.2 Green StandardsGreen standa

14、rds refer to those compulsory Green standards provided through legislation. With their superiority in economy and technology, developed countries tend to make higher Green standards with no consideration on the interests of the developing countries. Such high Green standards will in fact constitute

15、a barrier to the products from developing countries which are inferior in technology.2.3 Package RequirementsCertain developed countries stress too much on the protection of environment and require the products should be packed with materials that will have no harm to the environment. If the product

16、s are not packed in this way, they will not be allowed to sell in the developed countries. If such requirements are unnecessarily strict, they will be a barrier to the international trade.2.4 Sanitary and quarantine inspection systemOn the excuse of the protection of the health of human, animals and

17、 plants, developed countries tend to use very strict sanitary and quarantine inspection to restrict the importation of the products from the developing countries and protect their domestic industries.3. Influences of Green barriers on Chinas foreign tradeChina has suffered great loss due to the Gree

18、n barriers. In 2002, vegetables from Taizhou were prevented from entering Japan because of Japanese strict inspection and the price was greatly cut down. Also in 2002, the aquatic products from Ningbo were restricted by European Union (EU) because they could not reach the sanitary standards of EU. D

19、ue to Green trade barriers, 60 kinds of Chinese agricultural chemists were banned by EU because they could not reach the Green standards of EU. In accordance with the statistics of United Nations, China has suffered a loss of $7.4 billion in 2002 due to Green barriers trade. Chinas export to EU, Jap

20、an, Korea and other countries decreases notably. Generally speaking, agricultural products and foodstuff, textile products and mechanical and electronic products are the three main industries which suffer great loss because of the strict Green barriers. Since these three products constitute the majo

21、rity of Chinese exportation, we can easily draw a conclusion: Green barriers to trade has become one of the major obstacles in Chinese exportation.4. Countermeasures to the Green barriers of the developed countriesAs mentioned above, it is a fact that the Chinese export products are facing Green bar

22、riers of the developed countries and has suffered great loss. Therefore Chinese exporters should think carefully about the countermeasures to eliminate the unfavorable influences of such measures. First, we should make full use of the preferential treatment to the developing countries stipulated in

23、the Agreement of Green trade barrier. According to the provisions of the Agreement of Green trade barrier, developed countries should take account of the special development, financial and trade needs of developing country members with a view to ensuring that such Green regulations, standards and co

24、nformity assessment procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles to exports from developing countries. So, as a developing member of WTO, China is entitled to such preferential treatment. Secondly, China should make use of the Dispute Settlement System of WTO to protect her interests. Different fr

25、om GATT, WTO has set up a powerful dispute settlement system to solve the disputes between the members of WTO. So, if our interests are harmed by the unfair Green barriers of other WTO members, we can resort to Dispute Settlement Body to settle this dispute and urge other members to change their unf

26、air practices so as to protect our interests. Thirdly, China should stress the protection of environment and take measures to improve the quality and Green level of her export products to meet higher Green standards, which will fundamentally solve the problem of Green barriers.References1 John, Smit

27、h. 2007, Green trade protectionism to Chinese agricultural product export influence Economics ,4,34-56.2 Anderson, J.L., 2001, The Greening of World Trade Issues, Journal of Marketing Research, 24, 347-356.3 Gallagher, R., 2003, International Trade in Agricultural Products, Journal of General Manage

28、ment, 3, 1, 43-62.译文一：绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响摘 要：近年来，绿色消费在许多发达国家中已成为一个主要的消费趋势，这些发达国家开始采取严格的措施来限制一些国家的产品进入其国内市场。这些国家主要是其产品低于发达国家制定的环境保护标准。关键词：绿色壁垒；产品；贸易近年来，绿色消费在许多发达国家中已成为一个主要的消费趋势，这些发达国家开始采取严格的措施来限制一些国家的产品进入其国内市场。这些国家主要是其产品低于发达国家制定的环境保护标准。这些规定对发展中国家的出口有许多不利的影响，这些规定一般被称为“绿色贸易壁垒” 。绿色贸易壁垒的有关规定与世界贸易组织的有关协议相一

29、致。绿色贸易壁垒的定义是：以保护整个人类赖以生存的自然环境和保护人体健康为的名义，制定一系列的规则条款，以达到发达国家保护其国内市场和国内产品的目的。一、 分析绿色贸易壁垒的形成原因首先，生态环境的恶化是绿色贸易壁垒形成的主要原因。随着工业和技术的发展，社会经济飞速发展，人民生活水平得到显著改善。但与此同时，经济的发展也以生态环境的破坏为代价。环境问题已经引起社会公众的注意而且国际社会也已开始制定法律来保护生态环境。在1972年6月，联合国发表的斯德哥尔摩宣言，强调了保护环境的重要性。从那时起，越来越多的人开始关注的环境问题。环境的概念应景影响人类生活的各个层面，在社会公众的压力下发达国家开始

30、制定严格的措施来保护生态环境。这也就逐渐形成了国际贸易的绿色壁垒。其次，国与国之间在技术水平，环境标准和对外直接投资等方面的差异导致了绿色贸易壁垒的形成。正如我们所知，发达国家在社会整体水平和科学技术水平上远远领先发展中国家。即使他们作出非常严格的环境保护标准，其国内的产品可以达到严格的环境保护标准的要求，而这些标准则可能对来自发展中国家的产品构成障碍。事实上，这些标准有可能成为对来自发展中国家产品歧视的一种手段，并构成国与国之间任意或不合理的歧视。第三，在一些发达国家，贸易保护主义的抬头，是形成绿色贸易壁垒的一个很重要的原因。在现代市场经济条件下，竞争与以前相比是越来越激烈了。国内产业直接面

31、临来自其他国家产品的强有力的竞争，他们将敦促各国政府采取有效措施，以保护他们自己免受来自外国产品的冲击。然而由于世界贸易组织的多边谈判，关税已大大降低，使用非关税措施也受到限制。因此，许多发达国家采取的一些法律限制进口，如绿色壁垒，以保护本国产业，从而引起绿色贸易壁垒的增加。二、 绿色贸易壁垒的主要形式根据世界贸易组织有关绿色贸易壁垒的有关规定，绿色贸易壁垒通常有如下几种形式：（一） 绿色关税一些发达国家对其他国家强加进口附加税，这些国家主要是其产品可能会造成污染或损害环境的国家。如果这种措施被滥用，这将构成绿色贸易壁垒。（二） 绿色标准绿色标准是指那些强制性的通过立法规定的环保标准。发达国家

32、往往凭借其在经济和技术上的优势地位而制定更高要求的绿色标准，没有考虑对发展中国家的利益。如此高的绿色标准实际上是对技术上没有任何优势的发展中国家够了绿色贸易壁垒。（三） 包装要求某些发达国家过于强调环境保护而且要求用对环境没有任何损害的材料来包装物品。如果产品没有按照发达国家的要求进行包装，他们将不会被允许在发达国家市场上出售。如果这种严格的要求是不必要的，它们将阻碍国际贸易的进一步发展。（四） 卫生和检验检疫制度借口保护人类健康，动物和植物，发达国家往往使用非常严格的卫生和检疫限制发展中国家产品进入其本国市场从而达到保护其国内产业和国内市场的目的。三、绿色贸易壁垒对中国对外贸易的影响由于绿色

33、贸易壁垒，中国对外贸易额遭受了巨大的损失。2002年，因为日本严格的检查和要求价格的大幅度降低，台州蔬菜被阻止进入日本市场。还是在2002年，因为宁波市水产品不能达到欧盟所要求的卫生标准而被限制进入欧洲联盟（欧盟）。由于绿色贸易壁垒，60种中国农药被禁止进入欧盟市场，因为他们不能达到欧盟的绿色标准。根据联合国统计，由于“绿色贸易壁垒”，在2002年这一年中国遭受损失74亿美元。中国出口到欧盟，日本，韩国和其他国家的跌幅尤其明显。一般而言，由于严格的绿色壁垒，农产品和食品，纺织产品和机电产品的三个主要行业遭受损失最为严重。由于这三大类产品是中国出口最多的产品，我们可以很容易地得出一个结论：“绿色

34、贸易壁垒”已成为限制中国产品出口的一个主要障碍。四、应对发达国家绿色贸易壁垒的主要对策如上所述，这是一个事实即中国出口产品遭受发达国家绿色壁垒的严重限制，遭受了巨大损失。因此，中国出口商应该仔细考虑对策，以消除绿色贸易壁垒不利影响。首先，我们应该充分利用的优惠待遇来减少绿色贸易壁垒对发展中国家的限制。根据协议对绿色贸易壁垒的有关规定，发达国家应当充分考虑到发展中国家的特殊发展，确保发展中国家在财政和贸易需要等方面不受绿色贸易壁垒的限制，确保绿色条款，标准和合格评定程序不给发展中国家带来不必要的麻烦，从而保证发展中国家的正常出口。因此，作为世界贸易组织中的一个发展中国家，中国有权享受这种优惠待遇

35、。其次，中国应利用世界贸易组织的争端解决机制来保护自己的利益。不同于关贸总协定，世贸组织已成立了一个更有力的争端解决机制来解决世贸组织的成员之间的纠纷。因此，如果我们的利益受到其他世贸组织成员不公平的绿色贸易壁垒的损害，我们可以诉诸争端解决机构来解决这一争端，并敦促其他成员改变其不公正的做法，以保护我们的利益。第三，中国应强调保护环境，并采取措施提高产品质量和水平，多出口达到绿色出口水平的产品，以满足更高的环保标准，这将从根本上解决我过所遭受绿色贸易壁垒这个问题。参考文献1 约翰史密斯.2007,绿色贸易壁垒对中国农产品出口的影响,经济学家, 4,34-56.2 安德森, J.L., 2001

36、,绿色贸易壁垒问题,市场研究, 24, 347-356. 3 加拉格尔, R, 2003,农产品的出口贸易研究,管理, 3, 1, 43-62.原文二：The New Trade Theory and Location Krugmans geographical economics and theorization of uneven regional development are firmly rooted in his contributions to the new trade theory. Conventional trade economics is based on Ricar

37、dian comparative advantage theory (especially in its Heckscher-Ohlin-Sam-uelson versions), which argues that under conditions of perfect competition, and given the relative immobility of one or more factors of production, nations will specialize in those industries in which they have comparative fac

38、tor advantages (favorable resources of raw materials, cheaper labor, and so forth). The relative factor endowments of different nations is thus the main reason for international trade and specialization. The principle of comparative advantage, then, predicts that countries with dissimilar resource e

39、ndowments will exchange dissimilar goods. The theory does not and cannot, however, predict what sort of goods will be exchanged by countries that have similar resource endowments. But much of world trade, and most of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Develop-ment (OECD) trade, is between cou

40、ntries with similar factor endowments, and they exchange predominantly similar products. Such intra-industry trade has been expanding rapidly in recent decades, even though countries have been converging in skill levels and per capita endowments of capital . The new trade theory is an attempt to acc

41、ount for this form of trade. The new trade theory acknowledges that differences among countries are one reason for trade, but it goes beyond the traditional view in four main ways (Krugman 1990)First, it argues that much trade between countries, especially intra-industry trade between similar countr

42、ies, represents specialization to take advantage of increasing returns to scale rather than to capitalize on inherent differences in national factor endowments. Contrary to the assumptions of perfect competition and constant returns to scale that underpin the basic Ricardian theory of comparative ad

43、vantage and trade, according to the new theory imperfect competition and increasing returns are pervasive features of contemporary industrial economies.If specialization and trade are driven by increasing returns and economies of scale rather than by comparative advantage, the gains from trade arise

44、 because production costs fall as the scale of output increases. Second, with this view of the world, specialization is to some extent a historical accident. The specific location of a particular microindustry is to a large degree indeterminate, and history-dependent. But once a pattern of specializ

45、ation is established, for whatever reason, that pattern gets locked in by the cumulative gains from trade. There is thus a strong tendency toward path dependence in the patterns of specialization and trade between countries: history matters. Third, the patterns of demand for and rewards to factors o

46、f production under conditions of imperfect competition and intra-industry trade will depend on the technological conditions of production at the micro level, and nothing can be said a priori about the evolution of factor demands. Fourth, whereas under the Ricar-dian model free trade is assumed to be

47、 the appropriate policy stance, the new trade theory argues that the existence of imperfect competition and increasing returns opens up the possibility of using trade policies strategically to create comparative advantage by promoting those export sectors where economies of scale and particularly ex

48、ternal economies are important sources of rent. In other words, strategic trade policy may enable a nation to shift the pattern of international economic specialization in its own favor (Krugman 1980).In Krugmans view, these developments in the new trade theory both necessitate and facilitate a rapp

49、rochement between trade theory and location theory. In recent work he has compared the contrasting assumptions underlying these two, hitherto largely separate, sets of economic literature (Krugman 1993a). His geographical economics is a hybrid of the two. It combines the models of imperfect competition and scale economie