电气及自动化专业 外文翻译 (2).docx

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1、中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译学 院工程技术学院学生姓名张旭专 业电气工程及其自动化学 号0431302302017年 3 月 10 日外文原文文献出处:Pollet G. The research of electric car charging system and controller J. Electrochimica Acta, 2015, 5(3): 235-249.The research of electric car charging system and controllerAbstractThis paper puts forward the whole b

2、ridge main circuit topology and PWM control method effectively improves the reliability of the charging system and efficiency. Put forward and realized based on digital signal processing chip controller circuit intelligent PI control algorithm and variable parameters, significantly improve the contr

3、ol precision of the charging system voltage, current and response characteristics. Double proposes a CAN bus and RS - 485 bus communication network, realized the distributed control of the process of charging, the charging operation is flexible and reliable. Due to be able to provide a communication

4、 interface to battery management system and algorithm, charging system according to the state change of battery charging mode, optimizing the charging mode. The success of the charging system has important theoretical significance and engineering value.Keywords: Electric cars; Charging system, PWM,

5、Intelligent PI, Distributed control 1 IntroductionElectric car, it is all or part of the electric drive system of power car, compared with conventional cars powered by gasoline as, electric cars in such aspects as environmental protection, clean, energy-saving occupy obvious advantages. Now each big

6、 international automobile manufacturer have invested a lot of money and manpower to electric car research and development, a variety of the electric car prototype appeared frequently, some have reached high industrialization scale. Now the development of the electric car industry has formed a hybrid

7、 vehicles, pure battery-powered electric vehicles (electric cars) and three main direction of fuel cell electric vehicles. Pure electric vehicle itself is not harmful gas emissions, can make full use of surplus power in the evening, improve the efficiency of energy utilization, and improve the econo

8、mic benefit. Pure electric vehicles completely eliminateemissions of the vehicle running, fully use of secondary energy electricity, in line with the energy sustainable utilization strategy, along with the progress of the technical level, the pure electric vehicles has a broad development prospects.

9、 But at present, the development of the battery and charging system cant satisfy the requirement of electric cars, there are some theoretical and technical problems have yet to be research, serious lack of relevant standards and norms, has become the bottleneck of affecting the development of electr

10、ic vehicles.2 The current situation of the electric vehicle charging systemAt the beginning of last century, as the secondary battery research is successful, and matching charging system arises at the historic moment. The charging system using the conventional charging method, which is USES small cu

11、rrent for a long time to recharge battery. This way of charge due to the charging time is too long, can not meet the requirement of the electric cars and so on, the demand of the quick charge. Widely at home and abroad to carry out the study of fast charging system. Fast charging system produce roug

12、hly experienced three stages of development.2.1Groping stageIs the earliest in the 50 s of the last century, the United States as a result of the need of military, began to study fast charging technology, made the metal rectifying shape fast charging system, for 6 to 24 v lead-acid battery quick cha

13、rging, the weight of 40 kg, have fast, medium and slow three charging modes.2.2 The theory research stage1967 U.S. troops (Mas) have bubbles in the process of charging is studied, find the reason and law of gas, on the premise of minimum gas rate and find out the maximum charging current of battery

14、can accept and acceptable charging current curve, discusses the theory of quick charge battery, and on the basis of practice, put forward the basic rules of quick charge battery.2.3The practical application stageMcCulloch electronic companies in the United States in 1970 made the lead-acid battery q

15、uick charging system, for 500A to 190AH battery charging current, and in 1200A discharge to deal with the polarization current for short periods of time, theresults 30 minutes to put the battery is good. In addition to the United States, such as Japan, other countries such as Britain, France, German

16、y, the former Soviet Union also has different degree of development in rapid charging technology. Britains associated company invented TEC total energy intelligent charging control technology and its control system, effectively control the powder charging when the amount of energy needed, overcome e

17、xisting corona charging system and friction type charging system caused various problems, to solve the Faraday shielding effect and reverse ionization effect and so on.At present the batteries of electric cars in use process, because of the limitation of the voltage of the power battery energy and n

18、eed to adopt more battery in series combination, and power battery characteristics of highly nonlinear, individual difference is very big, therefore become the electric car battery management system, a necessary device. The most basic function of BMS is to monitor the working state of the battery (v

19、oltage, current and temperature of the battery), prediction of power battery (SOC) of battery capacity, battery management to avoid over discharge, overcharge, overheating and serious imbalance between monomer battery voltages, maximize battery storage capacity and cycle life.Current of the electric

20、 vehicle charging system is not very good with a serious defect currently has been relatively mature and supporting the use of on-board BMS system, charging system is either not provide communication interface with BMS, or communication interface is not compatible with popular now BMS interface. BMS

21、 system has the most comprehensive, full of battery state of real-time data, if you can provide the charging system and its communication interface, can fundamentally solve the current charging system in the process of charging the battery status change resulting in without understanding the state o

22、f the battery charged blindly charging, thus reduce battery life.In addition, as the core of the electric vehicle charging system, the existing charging controller, the control process are mostly based on analog signal processing, and its control structure is a centralized control structure. The tra

23、ditional charging system boundary is not clear, complex structure and each subsystem is unitized degreeis very low. Its applied electromagnetic environment, all kinds of high frequency signals could easily lead to serious interference of microcomputer control charging system failure. In the past, of

24、ten using analog signal for each signal transmission is between the control systems. Various kinds of interference signal into analog signals, it is easy to lead to failure of the control system, its structure and the process may not apply to the requirement of the distributed control and the whole

25、process of the digital processing requirements.3 The function of the electric vehicle charging system requirementsThe charging system in addition to providing communication interface with BMS, received by the BMS battery status parameters of transfer function, extract energy from power supply and ch

26、arging system is passed to the battery in the right way, so as to set up between power supply and battery power conversion interface. Charging system is usually performed by the power conversion unit and process control of controller. The basic properties of the charging system requirements include

27、the following: Security: electric vehicle charging, how to ensure that personnels personal safety and the safety of the battery is very important. Easy to use: charging system should have high intelligence, operators dont need too much intervention in the charging process. Cost economy: economic and

28、 cheap charging system helps to reduce the cost of the whole electric cars, improve operation efficiency, and promote the commercialization of electric vehicles. High efficiency: efficiency is one of the most important requirements for modern charging system; the efficiency of the energy efficiency

29、of high and low for the electric car has a huge impact. Low pollution to the power supply: the power electronic technology of the charging system is a kind of highly nonlinear devices, will produce harmful to the supply network and other electrical equipment of the harmonic pollution, moreover, beca

30、use of the charging system power factor is low, the charging system load increases, its effect on the supply network also not allow to ignore.4 EV charging method4.1 Constant current chargingIn the whole process of charging and is always with constant current for rechargeable battery. In this way, t

31、o ensure that in the later stages of charging without a lot of gas, therefore can only use small current charging, so need a long time, the charging method has the advantage of simple operation, the current is too small, but in the beginning in the late charge and charging current is too large, char

32、ging time is long.4.2 Constant voltage chargingEarly charging current is quite large, as the charge and current decreases. For more battery discharge, the initial charging current is too large in order to protect cells from damage, at the beginning of the charging to limited flow measures to avoid t

33、he charging current is too large. Compared with constant current charging, the battery is not easy to calculate.4.3 Constant voltage charging current limitingTo remedy constant-voltage charging shortcomings, is widely used in constant voltage current limiting method. Set the maximum charging current

34、, at the beginning of the charge, when the current exceeds the limit of flow value, with the current limiting value, when the current less than the current limit value, constant voltage charging. Thus automatically adjust the charging current, does not exceed a certain limit, the charging current is

35、 controlled in the early.4.4 Constant voltage charge after constant currentThis method is a combination of constant current charging and constant voltage charge, the previous constant current charging and accounting period of constant voltage charging way, on the one hand to avoid the constant volta

36、ge charging current is too large, in the early late again on the other hand to avoid the constant current charging phenomenon.4.5 Charge attenuationIn the process of charging, with the increase of voltage of the battery, charging current attenuation of charging method gradually. This is a kind of id

37、eal charging method; charge saves time and prevents the sulfuric acid stratification and the plate vulcanizing. But this charging method implementation requires more complex control,compared with the constant current charging; the charging amount is not easy to estimate. Due to the battery and nonli

38、near dispersion, complexity, the problems in the process of charging, the battery charging has become a more complex issue. The traditional charging method is used to charging very troublesome, because often be charging for 10 hours, and in the process of charging must be manned. Quick charge is the

39、 problem to be solved in the process of charging current control, in the process of charging, if the charging current is not enough, to reach the purpose of quick charge. If the charging current is too large and will cause a large number of precipitation of gas, electrolyte temperature will rise qui

40、ckly, easy to cause the battery plate is damaged, shorten the battery life. Also in the process of charging battery monomer battery consistency of difference, this factor must be fully considered.文献出处：Pollet g .电动汽车充电系统和控制器的研究J。Electrochimica学报,2015,(3):235 - 249。电动汽车充电系统及控制器研究摘要本文提出了全桥的主电路拓扑结构和PWM的

41、控制手段，有效的提高了充电系统的可靠性和效率。提出并实现了基于数字信号处理芯片的控制器电路和变参数智能PI的控制算法，显著提高了充电系统电压、电流的控制精度和响应特性。提出CAN总线和RS-485总线的双层通信网络，实现了充电过程的分布式控制，使充电操作灵活、可靠。由于提供了能够与电池管理系统进行通信的接口及算法，充电系统能够根据电池的状态改变充电方式，实现充电方式的优化。该充电系统的成功研制，具有重要的理论意义和工程推广价值。关键词:电动汽车；充电系统，PWM，智能PI，分布式控制1 引言电动汽车，是全部或部分的以电力作为驱动系统动力源的汽车，相对以汽油燃烧作为动力的传统汽车而言，电动汽车在

42、环保、清洁、节能等方面占据着明显的优势。目前各大国际汽车制造商纷纷投入大量的资金和人力进行电动汽车的研究和开发，多种电动汽车样车频频涌现，有些已达到较高的产业化规模。现在电动汽车产业的发展形成了混合动力汽车、纯电池驱动电动汽车(纯电动汽车)和燃料电池电动汽车三个主要方向。纯电动汽车本身不排放有害气体，可以充分利用晚间富余电力，提高能源利用效率，提高经济效益。纯电动汽车完全消除了车辆在运行中的废气排放，完全使用二次能源一一电能，符合能源持续利用战略，随着技术水平的进步，纯电动汽车拥有着广阔的发展前景。但目前蓄电池、充电系统的发展还不能满足电动汽车的要求，有一些理论和技术问题还有待攻关，相关的标准

43、和规范严重缺乏，己成为影响电动汽车发展的瓶颈。2电动汽车充电系统的现状上个世纪初，随着二次电池的研究成功，与之相配套的充电系统应运而生。这种充电系统采用常规充电法，即用小电流，长时间对蓄电池进行充电。这种充电方式由于充电时间太长，不能满足电动汽车等要求快速充电的需求。国内外广泛开展了快速充电系统研究。快速充电系统的产生大致经历了三个发展阶段。2.1摸索阶段最早是在上个世纪50年代，美国由于军事上的需要，开始研究快速充电技术，制成了金属整流器型快速充电系统，用于6-24V铅酸蓄电池的快速充电，其重量为40Kg，有快、中、慢三种充电模式。2.2理论研究阶段1967年美国人马斯(Mas)研究了充电过

44、程中产生气泡的问题，发现出气的原因和规律，以最低出气率为前提，找出了蓄电池能够接受的最大充电电流和可以接受的充电电流曲线，对蓄电池快速充电的理论进行了探讨，并在实践的基础上，提出了蓄电池快速充电的一些基本规律。2.3实际应用阶段1970年美国麦卡洛克电子公司制成了铅酸蓄电池快速充电系统，对190AH的电池施以500A的电流充电，而以1200A的电流短时间放电去极化处理，结果30分钟就把电池充好。除美国外，其他如日本、英国、法国、德国、前苏联等国也在快速充电技术方面有不同程度的发展。英国联营公司发明的“TEC总能量智能式充电控制技术”及其控制系统，有效地控制了粉粒充电时所需的能量，克服现有电晕式

45、充电系统及磨擦式充电系统所引致的各种问题，解决了“法拉第屏蔽效应”及“反向电离作用”等问题。目前电动汽车的电池在使用过程中，由于受动力电池能量和端电压的限制，需要采用多块电池进行串联组合，而动力电池特性的高度非线性，单体差别非常大，为此电池管理系统成为电动汽车的必备装置。BMS最基本的功能是监控电池的工作状态(电池的电压、电流和温度)、预测动力电池的电池容量 (SOC)，进行电池管理以避免出现过放电、过充、过热和单体电池之间电压严重不平衡现象，最大限度地利用电池存储能力和循环寿命。当前的电动汽车的充电系统的一个严重缺陷是没有很好的跟目前己经相对成熟并配套使用的车载BMS系统配合使用，充电系统要

46、么是没有提供与BMS的通信接口，要么就是通信接口与现在BMS流行的接口不兼容。BMS系统拥有对电池的最全面、全实时的状态数据，如果能够提供充电系统与其的通信接口，便能从根本上解决当前充电系统在充电过程中对电池状态变化量的缺失，从而造成在不了解电池荷电状态的情况下就盲目充电，进而降低电池使用寿命。此外，作为电动汽车充电系统的核心，目前现有的充电控制器，其控制过程大多数是基于模拟信号处理的，且其控制结构都是集中控制结构。传统的充电系统各个子系统界限不清晰、结构复杂、单元化程度很低。其应用电磁环境恶劣，各种高频信号的严重干扰很容易导致微机控制的充电系统发生故障。过去，往往使用模拟信号进行各个子控制系

47、统间的信号传递。各种干扰信号混入模拟信号中，很容易导致控制系统的故障，其结构和处理过程不能适用于分布式控制的要求和全过程数字处理的要求。3 电动汽车充电系统的功能需求本充电系统除了提供与BMS的通信接口，接收由BMS传送的电池状态参数的功能外，充电系统从供电电源提取能量，以合适的方式传递给蓄电池，从而建立了供电电源与蓄电池之间的功率转换接口。充电系统通常由功率转换单元和执行充电过程控制的控制器组成。对充电系统的基本性能要求包括以下几项:安全性:电动汽车充电时，如何保证人员的人身安全和蓄电池组的安全是至关重要的。易于使用:充电系统应具有较高的智能性，不需要操作人员过多干预充电过程。成本经济:成本

48、经济、价格低廉的充电系统有助于降低整个电动汽车的成本，提高运行效益，促进电动汽车的商业化推广。高效率:高效率是对现代充电系统最重要的要求之一，效率的高低对电动汽车的能量效率有巨大的影响作用4 EV充电方法4.1恒流充电在整个生产过程中充电和总是与恒流充电电池。通过这种方式,以确保在充电后期没有大量的气体,因此只能使用小电流充电,所以需要很长时间,充电方法的优点是操作简单,当前太小,但在后期开始充电和充电电流太大,充电时间长。4.2恒压充电初充电电流是相当大的,因为电荷和电流减少。电池放电,初始充电电流太大,以保护细胞免受损伤,初充电有限流措施避免充电电流太大。相比之下,恒流充电,电池不容易计算。4.3恒压限流充电为了改善恒压充电不足,广泛应用于恒压限流方法。设置最大充电电流,初的电荷,当电流超过极限流值,与限流值,当前小于当前限值时,恒压充电。因此自动调节充电电流,不超过一定的限制,早期控制充电电流。4.4恒流恒压充电该方法结合了恒流充电和恒压充电,前面的恒流充电和恒压充电方式的会计期间,一方面避免了恒压充电电流太大,早期又迟到了另一方面避免了恒流充电现象。4.5电荷衰减在充电过程中,电池的电压的增加,充电电流逐渐衰减的充电方法。这是一种理想的充电方法;费用节省时间和防止硫酸分层和平板硫化。但这种充电方法的实现需要更复杂的控制。第13页，共13页