大学开题报告 (154).doc
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1、 南京师范大学毕业设计(论文)开题报告 姓 名: 学 号: 学 院: 专 业 题 目: 短跑运动员最大力量和速度力量训练特征及方法 指导教师: 年 月 日开题报告填写要求1开题报告作为毕业设计(论文)答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。此报告应在指导教师指导下,由学生在毕业设计(论文)工作前期内完成,经指导教师签署意见及院、系审查后生效;2开题报告内容必须用黑墨水笔工整书写或按教务处统一设计的电子文档标准格式(可从教务处网址上下载)打印,禁止打印在其它纸上后剪贴,完成后应及时交给指导教师签署意见;3有关年月日等日期的填写,应当按照国标GB/T 740894数据元和交换格式、信息交换、日
2、期和时间表示法规定的要求,一律用阿拉伯数字书写。如“2005年4月26日”或“2005-04-26”。毕 业 设 计(论 文)开 题 报 告1本课题的目的及研究意义 短跑运动与长跑运动不同,需要能够在短时间内爆发一定的速度,通过适当的技术能够达到良好的效果。适当的训练能够有效地提升短跑运动员的运动素质,其中,力量训练就是重点训练项目之一,能够通过力量训练,能够使技术和战术更好的得到展示。短跑运动员在运动的过程中讲求的是对短时间内力量的爆发,能够有效地提升短跑的速度,达到良好的效果。在运动的过程中,就要注意对力量素质进行训练,力量素质的强弱会直接的影响一个短跑运动员的成绩,还能够在力量素质训练中
3、,逐渐的提高自身的专业素质,能够有效地掌握短跑的运动技术。随着运动员年龄增大及训练水平的提高,单纯地坚持采用小重量负荷练习会使速度力量的发展受到限制。 因为通过一段时间这样负荷的训练,使神经系统,肌肉产生对强度的适应,因而发生速度力量障碍。因此在训练过程中耍及时发展最大力量,进一步给运动机体产生新的刺激,打破速度力量的障碍,促进其继续提高。在安排最大力量练习时,也要重视有一定的动作速度,特别是肌肉在做向心收缩时的速度。在安排负荷时,应尽量减少运动员通过最大努力才能完成的负荷重量。这样安排的目的一是防止运动员超负荷后容易受伤,二是有利于能较快地把最大力量训练的效果转移到速度力量上来。 速度力量是
4、通过改变肌肉纤维组织,引起肌肉体积增大,提高肌肉的收缩能力,一旦排除了阻力,速度力量会得到提高。从运动生理学上我们知道。发展速度力量的实质就是提高神经、肌肉器官的功能(即肌肉的内协调,增加白纤维的质量)。在多年的训练实践中,使我们认识到速度力量是短跑运动员必不可少的专项力量素质,它对改进技术,提高神经系统的灵活性提供了物质上的保证。因此,抓好短跑运动员的速度力量训练是提高专项成绩的重要途径。2本课题的国内外的研究现状 Characteristics and Methods of Sprinters Maximum Strength and Speed Strength TrainingSpri
5、nt is a typical speed - strength event, and its results depend to a great extent on the effective development of special strength. The traditional sprint theory holds that the power of running depends mainly on the supporting reaction force obtained by the back pedaling. In order to increase the pow
6、er of running, the hip, knee and ankle joints of the supporting leg should be pedaled as straight as possible. Therefore, the strength of the knee muscles should be exerted as much as possible during the training. Influenced by the above viewpoint, the strength training with barbell as the main mean
7、s is excessively emphasized in the strength training to develop the strength of knee extensors, such as weight-bearing half - squat or weight-bearing full - squat, etc. These means and requirements are divorced from the development of sprint skills and abilities. The long-term neglect of the trainin
8、g of local muscle groups, especially the training of the posterior group of thigh muscles, results in the uncoordinated development ratio of athletes anterior and posterior thigh muscle groups. Although there have been many effective training methods in the field of strength training, most of them s
9、till have certain limitations. Here are some representative training methods to illustrate: 1. In the continuous development of modern sprint strength training rubber bands or spring training methods are widely used. The movement mode of the muscle group is the same as that of the running, especiall
10、y the movement of the thigh muscle posterior group is strengthened due to the increase of running speed, and the location can be closer to the projection point of the bodys center of gravity, thus buffering and shortening the pedaling time and increasing the horizontal component force. This kind of
11、training method has certain effects on the development of local muscle strength, especially the strength of the posterior group of thigh muscles and lumbar abdominal muscles. However, this kind of training method is also suitable for other events and has become one of the shortcomings of the rubber
12、band pulling training method. No matter whether rubber bands or springs are used for any limb strength training, the elasticity of the rubber bands or springs is utilized, and the longer the rubber bands or springs are pulled, the greater the pulling force is generated, thus playing a certain role i
13、n assisting athletes in training; However, when using this method for training, the force is uneven, and the athletes have certain subjectivity in the training process, and the strength given by the external load is almost small. 2. Pull and run training behind the bicycle The pull and run training
14、behind the bicycle is that the coach rides the bicycle and uses a rubber band to connect between the bicycle and the athletes body with a spacing of about 3 - 4 meters. The load and resistance are controlled by the coach through the brake. During the accelerated running when the athlete is blocked a
15、nd pulled for a certain distance, the coach releases the brake and rides the bicycle quickly to enable the athlete to continue to accelerate for a certain distance under the condition of no resistance and relaxation, and then the coach slowly exerts resistance and then continues to run. In this way,
16、 through the transitional stage from resistance running to relaxation running to resistance running, the athletes can greatly enhance the strength of accelerating running, pedaling and stretching, and the strength of swinging legs to swing forward rapidly. In particular, the athletes will naturally
17、generate the consciousness of hip forward movement under the action of waist belt tension, which can further improve and improve the sprint technology. This method is more in line with the high-speed swing with the hip as the axis, and also in line with the high-speed coordination between the fast s
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