动词不定式 人教.ppt
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1、动词不定式动词不定式拖船中学拖船中学:郭顺平郭顺平一、不定式结构作主语一、不定式结构作主语一、不定式结构作主语一、不定式结构作主语To see one timeTo see one time is better than to hear a hundred timesto hear a hundred times.To persevereTo persevere means victory!注注注注:在在很很多多情情况况下下,特特别别是是在在口口语语中中,常常采采用用先先行行it代代替替主主语语,而把不定式后置:而把不定式后置:Its a great pleasure to be hereto
2、 be here.It is not an easy thing to master a languageto master a language.注注注注:这这种种后后置置不不定定式式的的结结构构也也适适用用于于某某些些谓谓语语动动词词不不是是系系动动词词的句子,如:的句子,如:It took us five hours to get thereto get there.It made us very angry to hear him talk like thatto hear him talk like that.注注注注:不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情不定式结构的逻辑主语
3、通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出,也可以由景中看出,也可以由“for+名词词组名词词组”来表示,如:来表示,如:It is not hard for onefor one to do a bit of good.It was difficult for mefor me to do the work.注注注注:某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时,常在不定式之某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时,常在不定式之前加上前加上“of+名词词组名词词组”来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况,来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况,如:如:Its kind of youof you to think so much of us.It
4、s very nice of youof you to be so considerate.Its unwise of themof them to turn down the proposal.It was careless of herof her to make such a mistake.二、不定式结构作表语二、不定式结构作表语二、不定式结构作表语二、不定式结构作表语1主主语语和和表表语语都都是是不不定定式式(其其含含义义往往往往一一是是条条件件,一一是是结结果果),如:如:Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.Todothatwouldb
5、etocutthefoottofittheshoe.2主主语语是是以以aim,duty,hope,idea,intention,mistake,plan,proposal,job,suggestion等等为为中中心心词词的的名名词词词词组组,或或以以what引引导导的的名名词词性性从从句表示,后面的不定式说明其内容,如:句表示,后面的不定式说明其内容,如:Myideaistoclimbthemountainfromthenorthtoclimbthemountainfromthenorth.Yourmistakewasnottowritethatletternottowritethatlett
6、er.Mysuggestionistostartworkatoncetostartworkatonce.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatoncetostartworkatonce.注注注注:在在某某些些句句型型中中,当当主主语语部部分分有有动动作作动动词词dodo时时,作作表表语语的的不不定定式可以省略符号式可以省略符号“toto”,如:,如:Allwehavetodoispushthebuttonpushthebutton.TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyselfgoonbymyself.AllIcoulddowassendhim
7、atelegramsendhimatelegram.三、不定式结构作动词宾语三、不定式结构作动词宾语三、不定式结构作动词宾语三、不定式结构作动词宾语1“动动动动词词词词+带带带带 toto的的的的不不不不定定定定式式式式结结结结构构构构”。这这类类动动词词常常见见的的有有:afford,agree,arrange,ask,choose,decide,demand,desire,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,like,hate,prefer,continue,try,start,forget,mea
8、n,intend,begin,等,例如:等,例如:Ivearrangedtomeethimattenoclocktomeethimattenoclock.Ididntexpecttofindyouheretofindyouhere.2“动动动动词词词词+疑疑疑疑问问问问词词词词+带带带带 toto的的的的不不不不定定定定式式式式结结结结构构构构”。(这这种种不不定定式式结结构构接接近近一一个个名名词词从从句句)。这这类类动动词词常常见见的的有有:tell,advise,show,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn,forget,inquire,know,exp
9、lain,remember,see,understand,wonder等。等。疑疑问问词词(也也称称连连接接代代/副副词词)有有:what,where,who(m),when,how,whether,which(why除外),如:除外),如:Idontknowwhattodo/wheretogo/who(m)toask/whentostop/howtogetthere.Ihaventdecidedwhethertosellitornot.Wemustfindoutwhattodonext/wheretoputit.注注:如如果果作作宾宾语语的的不不定定式式结结构构有有自自己己的的补补语语,则则
10、应应使使用用先先行行it,把不定式后置,例如:把不定式后置,例如:Ifinditdifficulttounderstandhim.Wethoughtitwrongnottohelpher.Theyfounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.注注:不不定定式式结结构构一一般般不不可可作作介介词词宾宾语语,只只有有在在个个别别场场合合,即即在在含含有有否否定定意意义义的的带带有有介介词词except或或but(=except)的的结结构构中中才才能能这这样样用用,例如:例如:Heseldomcomesexcepttotolookatmypicturesl
11、ookatmypictures.Thechilddiddidnothingexceptweepweep.Shecandodoanythingbutsingsing.Hewilldodoanythingforyouexceptlendyoumoneylendyoumoney.Theycoulddodonothingbutwaitforthedoctorstoarrivewaitforthedoctorstoarrive.注意不定式符号的省略问题!注意不定式符号的省略问题!注意不定式符号的省略问题!注意不定式符号的省略问题!四、不定式结构作定语四、不定式结构作定语四、不定式结构作定语四、不定式结构
12、作定语1不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后,如:不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后,如:Itstimetogotobedtogotobed.Heisnotamantobowbeforedifficultiestobowbeforedifficulties.Haveyouanythingtodeclaretodeclare?Sheusuallyhasalotofmeetingstoattendtoattendintheevening.Iwanttogetsomethingtoreadtoreadduringthevocation.2能能带带不不定定式式结结构构作作宾宾语语的的动动词词
13、,转转化化成成名名词词时时往往往往也也能能带带不不定定式结构作定语,如:式结构作定语,如:Idontwishto quarrel with you.Ihavenowishto quarrel with you.Theywillattemptto cross the river tonight.Theywillmakeanotherattemptto cross the river tonight.Shepromisednot to do that again.Shemadeapromisenot to do that again.3某某些些能能带带不不定定式式结结构构作作状状语语的的形形容容词
14、词,转转化化成成名名词词时时,也也能能带带不定式结构作定语,如:不定式结构作定语,如:Hewasobviouslyanxiousto go.Hisanxietyto gowasobvious.4不不定定式式结结构构与与所所修修饰饰的的名名词词,有有时时意意义义上上有有着着主主谓谓关关系系或或动动宾宾关系,如:关系,如:Hehasalargefamilytosupport(=thathemustsupport).注注:处处于于动动宾宾关关系系的的情情况况下下,如如果果不不定定式式是是不不不不及及及及物物物物动动动动词词词词,它它后后面面应应加上必要的加上必要的介词介词介词介词,如:,如:Sheh
15、asalotofthingstoattendtoto.Thenursehasfivechildrentolookafterafter.Letsfirstfindaroomtoputthethingsinin.5有有时时为为了了明明确确不不定定式式结结构构的的逻逻辑辑关关系系,可可以以在在不不定定式式之之前前加加上上for+名词词组,如:名词词组,如:Heresabookforyoutoread.Hegaveordersforthevisitorstobeshownin.五、不定式结构作状语五、不定式结构作状语五、不定式结构作状语五、不定式结构作状语不不定定式式结结构构可可以以作作状状语语,修修
16、饰饰动动词词、形形容容词词、副副词词等等,表表示示目目目目的、原因、结果、条件的、原因、结果、条件的、原因、结果、条件的、原因、结果、条件等。等。1 1表示目的:表示目的:表示目的:表示目的:They ran over to welcome the delegatesto welcome the delegates.He bought a bicycle to go to town more quicklyto go to town more quickly.He went home to see his motherto see his mother.注注注注:不不定定式式结结构构表表示示目
17、目的的时时,通通常常句句子子的的主主语语就就是是它它的的逻逻辑辑主主语语(参见以上三句参见以上三句),但也有例外的情况,例如:,但也有例外的情况,例如:I stopped for him to speak to me.He opened the door for the children to come in.He brought a porter to carry the boxes/bags.They sent a man to mend the window.He stood up to be seen better.注注注注:为为了了强强调调表表示示目目的的的的不不定定式式结结构构,特
18、特别别是是在在不不定定式式结结构构前前有有否否定定词词 not 时时,通通常常可可以以在在不不定定式式符符号号 to 之之前前加加上上 in order 或或 so as,如:,如:He came here in orderin order to see Charlie.He shouted and waved so asso as to be noticed.He went early in orderin order not to miss the train.I turned the radio down so asso as not to disturb him.注注注注:表表示示目目
19、的的的的不不定定式式可可以以置置于于句句首首,这这也也是是区区别别于于其其他他功功能能的的标标志志之之一一。但但是是,置置于于句句首首表表示示目目的的的的不不定定式式之之前前可可以以加加上上in order,但却不可以加上,但却不可以加上so as,如:,如:To draw maps properly,you need a special pen.(In order to draw maps properly,you need a special pen.)(In order to draw maps properly,you need a special pen.)To get the be
20、st results,use clean water.2.2.表示结果:表示结果:表示结果:表示结果:WhathaveIsaidtomakeyousoangry?Hecameroundtofindhimselfinhospital.不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型:soastosoastoWouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle/tellmethetime?such()astosuch()astoImnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.e
21、noughtoenoughtoTheboyisoldenoughtogotoschool.toototootoHiseyesightistoopoortoreadsuchsmallletters.注意:注意:注意:注意:下列句子中的不表示结果,也无否定含义:下列句子中的不表示结果,也无否定含义:Imonlytoogladtogo.(=Imverygladtogo.)Ishallbeonlytoopleasedtogethome.(=Ishallbeverypleasedtogethome.)onlytoo(adv.)onlytoo(adv.)极极极极;非常非常非常非常;太太太太;很很很很 有有
22、时时,不不定定式式结结构构还还能能表表示示一一个个随随后后发发生生的的动动作作,相相当当于于一一个并列限定动词词组,这种不定式结构也表示结果,如:个并列限定动词词组,这种不定式结构也表示结果,如:Shewokeearlytofinditwasrainingtofinditwasraining.Hegothometolearnthathisfatherwasilltolearnthathisfatherwasill.这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列几个特点:这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列几个特点:不不定定式式所所表表示示的的动动作作是是随随后后发发生生的的,相相当当于于一一个个限限定定动动词词
23、词词组组,如:如:Hearrivedlatetofindtheothershadgonehome.He arrived late and found the others had gone home.He arrived late and found the others had gone home.不定式根据是否需要停顿而决定与主句是否用逗号隔开。不定式根据是否需要停顿而决定与主句是否用逗号隔开。Helefthisnativecountry(,)nevertoreturn.Hereturnedhome(,)tofindhisfatherlyingsickinbed.不不定定式式所所表表示示的
24、的结结果果往往往往含含有有“令令人人意意想想不不到到”的的意意味味,其其中中以以“使使人人不不愉愉快快的的结结果果”较较为为常常见见。(有有时时也也可可以以表表示示令令人人愉愉快快、惊惊喜喜的结果),如:的结果),如:HewenthometofindhisoldfriendGeorgewaitingforhimtofindhisoldfriendGeorgewaitingforhim.不定式之前有时可以加上不定式之前有时可以加上only或或butonly,以加强语气,如:,以加强语气,如:Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone.Theylift
25、edarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.注注:不不定定式式结结构构表表示示结结果果或或表表示示目目的的,往往往往形形式式相相似似,这这时时,须须根根据词汇意义认真加以区别,试比较:据词汇意义认真加以区别,试比较:Hearrivedlatetofindtheothershadgonehome.(=Hearrivedlateandfoundtheothershadgonehome.)HearrivedlatetoavoidmeetingRobert.(=HearrivedlateinordertoavoidmeetingRobert.)Hegottothestation
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