新编跨文化英语交际Unit3-01 Cultural Diversity.ppt

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1、UnitThree-02:CulturalD2022/12/24Goals:1.Tounderstanddifferentlands,differentfriendships.2.Comparingandcontrastingcultures.3.TounderstandAmericanFriendshipUnit3Intercultural Communication2022/12/242Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingI.Questions1.WhydoesJacksonsaythatMr.Zhaohasaskedtoomuch?2.Whatdoyouthinkofthere

2、lationshipbetweenMr.QianandMr.Zhao?Aretheyreallygoodfriends?2022/12/243Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingI.Differentlands,differentfriendships.1.Whatkindoffriendsdoyouexpecttohaveinyourlife?2.Doyouthinkfriendshipmeansthesameallovertheworld?2022/12/244Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingI.Differentlands,differentfriendships

3、.1.WhyisitcomparativelyeasytomakefriendsintheUnitedStates?2.Dopeoplefromdifferentcountriesusuallyhavedifferentexpectationsaboutwhatconstitutesfriendshipandhowitcomesintobeing?2022/12/245Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingI.Differentlands,differentfriendships.4.Inwhatcountrydoesfriendshiphavemuchtodowithonesfami

4、ly?Andinwhatcountrydoesitnot?5.Whatisfriendshiplikewhenitiscompartmentalized?6.WhatarefriendshipsusuallybasedoninEngland?2022/12/246Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingI.Differentlands,differentfriendships.7.Doyouthinkfriendshipsharessomecommonelementsindifferentcultures?Ifyoudo,whatarethey?8.Whatdoyouthinkisthe

5、typicalChineseconceptoffriendship?IsitsimilartoordifferentfromanyoftheWesternfriendships?2022/12/247Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingI.Differentlands,differentfriendships.1.WhyisitcomparativelyeasytomakefriendsintheUnitedStates?BecausefewAmericansstayputforalifetime.Witheachmove,formingnewfriendshipbecomesane

6、cessityandpartoftheirnewlife.2022/12/248Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingI.Differentlands,differentfriendships.2.Dopeoplefromdifferentcountriesusuallyhavedifferentexpectationsaboutwhatconstitutesfriendshipandhowitcomesintobeing?Yes.Thedifficultyforstrangersfromtwocountriestobecomefriendsliesintheirdifferentex

7、pectationsaboutwhatconstitutesfriendshipandhowitcomesintobeing.2022/12/249Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingI.Differentlands,differentfriendships.3.HowisfriendshipinAmericadifferentfromfriendshipinWestEurope?InWestEurope,friendshipisquitesharplydistinguishedfromothermorecasualrelationships,isusuallymoreparticu

8、larizedandcarriesaheavierburdenofcommitment,whileinAmericathewordfriendcanbeappliedtoawiderangeofrelationshipandafriendshipmaybesuperficial,casual,situationalordeepandenduring.2022/12/2410Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingI.Differentlands,differentfriendships.4.Inwhatcountrydoesfriendshiphavemuchtodowithonesfa

9、mily?Andinwhatcountrydoesitnot?InGermany,friendshiphasmuchtodowithonesfamilyasfriendsareusuallybroughtintothefamily,whileinFranceitisnotthecase,forinstance,twomenmayhavebeenfriendsforalongtimewithoutknowingeachotherspersonallife.2022/12/2411Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingI.Differentlands,differentfriendship

10、s.5.Whatisfriendshiplikewhenitiscompartmentalized?Forinstance,amanmayplaychesswithafriendforthirtyyearswithoutknowinghispoliticalopinions,orhemaytalkpoliticswithhimforas10ngatimewithoutknowingabouthispersonallife.Differentfriendsfilldifferentnichesineachpersonslife.2022/12/2412Unit3-2022/12/24Readin

11、gI.Differentlands,differentfriendships.6.WhatarefriendshipsusuallybasedoninEngland?Englishfriendshipsarebasedonsharedactivities.Activitiesatdifferentstagesoflifemaybeverydifferent.Inthemidstoftheactivity,whateveritmaybe,peoplefallintostepsandfindthattheEparticipateintheactivitywiththesameeasyanticip

12、ationofwhateachwilldodaybydayorinsomecriticalsituation.2022/12/2413Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingI.Differentlands,differentfriendships.7.Doyouthinkfriendshipsharessomecommonelementsindifferentcultures?Ifyoudo,whatarethey?Yes.Thereistherecognitionthatfriendship,incontrastwithkinship,isamatteroffreechoice.Af

13、riendissomeonewhochoosesandischosen.Relatedtothisisthesenseeachfriendgivestheotherofbeingaspecialindividual,onwhatevergroundsthisrecognitionisbased.Andbetweenfriendsthereisinevitablyequalityofgive-and-take.2022/12/2414Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingI.Differentlands,differentfriendships.8.Whatdoyouthinkisthe

14、typicalChineseconceptoffriendship?IsitsimilartoordifferentfromanyoftheWesternfriendships?ItseemsthatthetypicalChineseconceptoffriendshiplaysgreatemphasisonpersonalloyaltyandalsohasmuchtodowithfamily.ItmaybesimilartoGermanfriendshiptosomeextentandquitedifferentfromotherWesternfriendships.2022/12/2415

15、Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingI.Differentlands,differentfriendships.WhenmakingfriendswithAmericans,shouldwedoittheAmericanwayortheChineseway?WhattipswouldyouliketogivetotheAmericanswhowanttomakefriendswithChinesepeople?2022/12/2416Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingI.Differentlands,differentfriendships.1.Bewillingtosp

16、endtimewiththosepeoplewhomyouwouldliketomakefriendswith.2.Trytoknowaboutyourfriendsasmuchaspossible.Remembertheirnames,theirlikesanddislikes,askquestions(thoughsomemayberatherpersonal)aboutthem,andbeinterestedinthingsthataretypicallyChinese.2022/12/2417Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingI.Differentlands,differe

17、ntfriendships.3.Tryyourbesttostarttalkingwithpeople,eventhoughtheymayappearunwillingtotalkwithstrangers,andbeagoodlistenerasmuchasyoucanwhentheyaretalkingwithyou.4.Bereadytolendahandtootherswithoutbeingaskedto,eveninwhatseemstobeverytrivialmatters.2022/12/2418Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingII.ComparingandCo

18、ntrastingCultures1.HowisthemainstreamAmericanculturedifferentfromtheJapaneseculture?Americansbelievethathumannatureisbasicallygoodandmanisthemasterofnature.Theyarefuture-orientedanddoing-oriented.Theirsocialorientationistowardtheimportanceoftheindividualandtheequalityofallpeople.However,theJapaneseb

19、elievethathumannatureisamixtureofgoodandevil.Manisinharmonywithnature.Theyarebothpast-orientedandfuture-oriented.Andtheyarebothgrowing-anddoing-oriented.Theygiveemphasistoauthoritiesandthegroup.2022/12/2419Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingII.ComparingandContrastingCultures2.Canyoufindexamplestosupporttheautho

20、rsviewoftraditionalculturesindifferentvalueorientations?Forexample,thetraditionalIndianculturebelievesthatmanissubjugatedbynatureanditisbeing-oriented(whichcanbeexemplifiedbyitscastesystem).Also,traditionalChinesecultureispast-oriented,foremphasishaslongbeengiventolearningfromtheoldandpast.2022/12/2

21、420Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingII.ComparingandContrastingCultures3.WhydoAmericanstendtoequatechangewithimprovementandregardrapidchangeasnormal?Americansaredominatedbyabeliefinprogress.Theyarefuture-oriented.Theybelievethattimeismoneyandhaveanoptimisticfaithinthefutureandwhatthefuturewillbring.Sotheytendt

22、oequatechangewithimprovementandconsiderarapidrateofchangeasnormal.2022/12/2421Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingII.ComparingandContrastingCultures4.WhatdoesElectricEnglishmanmeanwhenitisusedtodescribetheAmerican?Asforactivity,Americansaresoaction-orientedthattheytendtobehyperactive.Thatswhytheyhavebeendescribe

23、dasElectricEnglishmen,whoalwayskeepthemselvesbusy.2022/12/2422Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingII.ComparingandContrastingCultures5.Howwouldyouexplainthefactthatcontradictoryvaluesmayexistinthesameculture?Astimechangesfasterandfasterandthereismorecontactbetweencultures,itismorelikelytofindcontradictoryvaluesex

24、istinginthesameculture.Thisisespeciallythecaseinasocietythatisbeingtransformedfromatraditionaloneintoamodernone.Forexample,intheJapaneseculture,somepeoplemaystillbeverypast-orientedandsomeareratherfuture-oriented,andeventhesamepeoplemaybepast-orientedincertainsituationsandfuture-orientedinothersitua

25、tions.2022/12/2423Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingII.ComparingandContrastingCultures6.Whatcanwegetfrommodelsofthiskindaboutculturaldifferences?Modelsofthiskindarequiteusefulingivingroughpicturesofstrikingcontrastsanddifferencesbetweendifferentcultures.However,suchamodelonlycomparesculturesonsomebasicorientat

26、ions.Itdoesnottelluseverythingabouteveryconceivableculture.Wehavetorecognizethatmodelsofthiskindareover-simplificationsandcanonlygiveapproximationsofreality.2022/12/2424Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingII.ComparingandContrastingCultures7.Doculturalvalueschangeastimechanges?Yes,thevaluesmaybeintheprocessofmark

27、edchangeduetorapidmodernizationandglobalization.However,theyhaveawayofpersistinginspiteofchange.Theevolutionofvaluesisaslowprocess,sincetheyarerootedinsurvivalneedsandpassedonfromgenerationtogeneration.2022/12/2425Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingII.ComparingandContrastingCultures8.Howiscommunicationinfluence

28、dbydifferingculturalvalues?Puttingpeoplefromonecultureintoanotherculturewithradicallydifferentvalueorientationscouldcausestress,disorientation,andbreakdownsincommunication.Interviewatleastthreepeoplewhoaredifferentinage,familyoreducationalbackground,askingthemtofillinthefollowingcharttoplacetheconte

29、mporaryChinesecultureinthefivedimensions.2022/12/2426Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingII.ComparingandContrastingCultures虽然我们每个人都有各自一套独特的价值虽然我们每个人都有各自一套独特的价值观，但在每一种文化里，总有弥漫于整个观，但在每一种文化里，总有弥漫于整个文化之中的普遍的价值观。这些被称作文文化之中的普遍的价值观。这些被称作文化价值观。化价值观。2022/12/2427Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingII.ComparingandContrastingCultures文化价

30、值观通常是规范性的，它使文化的成员知文化价值观通常是规范性的，它使文化的成员知道什么是好的和坏的、什么是正确的和错误的、道什么是好的和坏的、什么是正确的和错误的、什么是真的和假的、什么是积极的和消极的，等什么是真的和假的、什么是积极的和消极的，等等。文化价值规定了什么是值得为之献身的，什等。文化价值规定了什么是值得为之献身的，什么是值得维护的，什么会危及人们及其社会制度，么是值得维护的，什么会危及人们及其社会制度，什么是学习的恰当内容，什么是可讽刺嘲笑的，什么是学习的恰当内容，什么是可讽刺嘲笑的，什么会导致群体团结起来。文化价值观也指明了什么会导致群体团结起来。文化价值观也指明了什么行为是举足

31、轻重的，什么行为是应当尽力避什么行为是举足轻重的，什么行为是应当尽力避免的。价值观是一种习得的规则体系，人们在做免的。价值观是一种习得的规则体系，人们在做出抉择和解决争端时以此作为依据。出抉择和解决争端时以此作为依据。2022/12/2428Unit3-2022/12/24ReadingII.ComparingandContrastingCultures跨文化交际的参与者所具有的价值观是十跨文化交际的参与者所具有的价值观是十分重要的，因为价值观会衍生出决定何为分重要的，因为价值观会衍生出决定何为正当或不正当社会行为的标准。换言之，正当或不正当社会行为的标准。换言之，价值观有助于人们决定他们的行

32、为方式，价值观有助于人们决定他们的行为方式，根据他们的价值系统行事并期待对方的反根据他们的价值系统行事并期待对方的反应。由于文化价值系统之间存在差异，我应。由于文化价值系统之间存在差异，我们可以预见，在相似的情境中，跨文化交们可以预见，在相似的情境中，跨文化交际的参与者会表现出并期待着不同的行为。际的参与者会表现出并期待着不同的行为。2022/12/2429Unit3-2022/12/24Casestudies9HierarchyissignificantintheJapaneseculture.ThisstructureisreflectedeverywhereinJapaneselife,

33、athome,school,community,organizations,andtraditionalinstitutionssuchasmartialartsorflowerarrangements.2022/12/2430Unit3-2022/12/24Case studies 9Inthiscase,theyoungchairmanmusthavehadhisownideasabouthowtomanagethecompany;however,whenencounteredwithhisgrandfathersdissentingopinions,hedarednottotakeast

34、andagainsthim.ThismaymanifesttherigidhierarchicalstructureintheJapanesesociety.IntheJapanesesociety,howhierarchyisformeddependsmainlyonseniority,socialroles,andgender.Asarespectableseniormemberofthefamilyandtheformerleaderofthecompany,thegrandfatherobviouslyoverpoweredtheinexperiencedyoungchairman.I

35、notherwords,thegrandfatherseemedtobeanabsoluteauthorityfortheyoungchairman.InJapaneseculture,challengingordisagreeingwitheldersopinionswouldbedeemedasbeingdisrespectfulandisoftencondemned.Peopleinlowerpositionsareexpectedtobeloyalandobedienttoauthority.Thatswhytheyoungchairmandidntsayanythingbutjust

36、noddedandagreedwithhisgrandfather.2022/12/2431Unit3-2022/12/24Case studies 9ButPhilseemedtoknowlittleabouttheJapanesecultureinthisaspect.InmanyWesterncultures,particularlyAmericanculture,seniorityseldommattersmuchinsuchsituations,andyoungpeopleareusuallyencouragedtochallengeauthorityandvoicetheirown

37、opinions.Unfortunately,hisoutspokenprotestcouldeasilyoffendthegrandfatherandhemightberegardedasarudeandill-bredpersonbyotherJapanese.2022/12/2432Unit3-2022/12/24Case studies 102022/12/2433Unit3-2022/12/24Case studies 11Incidentssuchasthesecanpointtopossibleculturaldifferencesinso-calledpolitebehavio

38、r,andatthesametimehighlightthetendencyforpeopletoreactemotionallytounexpectedbehavior.2022/12/2434Unit3-2022/12/24Case studies 11Peopleinmostcultureswouldprobablyagreethatanapologyisneededwhenanoffenceorviolationofsocialnormshastalenplace.However,theremaybedifferingopinionsastowhenweshouldapologize(

39、whatsituationscallforanapology)andhowweshouldapologize.TomanyWesterners,JapaneseapologizemorefrequentlyandanapologyinJapanesedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthepersonisacknowledgingafault.TomanyJapanese,WesternersmayseemtoberudejustbecausetheydonotapologizeasoftenastheJapanesewoulddo.Inthiscase,forinstanc

40、e,theattitudeoftheAustralianstudentsparentsisshockingtotheJapanesebutwillbeacceptableinanEnglish-speakingsociety,forthestudentisalreadyanadultandcanberesponsibleforherowndeeds.2022/12/2435Unit3-2022/12/24Case studies 122022/12/2436Unit3-2022/12/24AmericanFriendshipFriendshipislikewine,itgetsbetteras

41、itgrowsolder.友谊像醇酒，越久越浓。友谊像醇酒，越久越浓。Friendshipcannotstandalwaysononeside.友谊是双方的事。友谊是双方的事。Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.患难见真情。患难见真情。2022/12/2437Unit3-2022/12/24AmericanFriendshipHerearejustafewtipsgivenbyAmericanstono-AmericanswhowanttomakefriendswithAmericans:(P81.)2022/12/2438Unit3-2022/12/24a.Human

42、nature b.Relationship to naturec.Sense of time d.Activity e.Social relationships 2.Cultural Values Unit3Cultural Values2022/12/2439Unit3-2022/12/24a.Human nature(1)isevilbutperfectible(2)isamixtureofgoodandevil(3)goodbutcorruptiblegood but corruptible is evil but perfectible Unit3Cultural Values2022

43、/12/2440Unit3-2022/12/24b.Relationship to nature(1)subjugationtonature（注：图片为印尼海啸）注：图片为印尼海啸）(2)harmonywithnature（注：图片为中药材）注：图片为中药材）(3)masterywithnature（注：图片为愚公移山）注：图片为愚公移山）subjugation to nature harmony with nature mastery with nature mastery with nature Unit3Cultural Values2022/12/2441Unit3-2022/12/2

44、4c.Sense of time(1)past;(2)present;(3)futured.Activity(1)being-oriented is a non-developmental model ofsociety(2)being-and-becoming is a kind of spiritual good ofinnerharmonyandpeacee.Social relationships(1)hierarchy:Thismeanseachpersonhasapositioninahierarchy.People have clearly defined privileges

45、andobligations according to their position in relation toothers.(2)Group:In cultures with group values,people makedecisionsbyconsensus.(3)Individual:Unit3Cultural Values2022/12/2442Unit3-2022/12/24Individualism versus collectivism(1)intheindividualculture,theinterestoftheindividualprevailsovertheint

46、erestsofthegroup(2)Onthecollectivistside,wefindsocietiesin which people from birth onwards areintegratedintostrong,cohesivein-groups(3)individualistic/collectivisticcultures2022/12/2443Unit3-2022/12/24中国中国美国美国情感型关系情感型关系(affective)工具型关系工具型关系(instrumental)(Afriendinneedisafriendindeed)(fairweatherfrie

47、nd)(Totalizationofaperson)(compartmentalizationofaperson)(Deepcommitment，Reciprocalresponsibility，obligation，etc)(Lackofcommitment)中国和美国人际关系对比中国和美国人际关系对比2022/12/2444Unit3-2022/12/24中国中国美国美国(Highdegreeoffamiliarity)(LowdegreeOffamiliarity)(interdependenceandcooperation)(independence，autonomityandcomp

48、etition)(solid，stableandlifelong)(shortlived，unstableandnotsolid)封闭式封闭式closein开放式开放式opening情感为中心情感为中心sensibility工作志趣活动为中工作志趣活动为中心心interest中国和美国人际关系对比中国和美国人际关系对比2022/12/2445Unit3-2022/12/24中国中国美国美国情感型关系情感型关系(affective)(交朋友本身就是目的交朋友本身就是目的)工具型关系工具型关系(instrumental)(把朋友当作实现某一目的的手段把朋友当作实现某一目的的手段)患难之中见朋友；同

49、气相求患难之中见朋友；同气相求(Afriendinneedisafriendindeed)同安乐而不能共患难；异气相求同安乐而不能共患难；异气相求(fairweatherfriend)全身心投入；个人化全身心投入；个人化(Totalizationofaperson)部分投入；非个人化部分投入；非个人化(compartmentalizationofaperson)承诺是金，重义守信承诺是金，重义守信(Deepcommitment，Reciprocalresponsibility，obligaton，etc)无承诺，相互不承担义务和责任无承诺，相互不承担义务和责任(Lackofcommitment

50、)高度了解高度了解(Highdegreeoffamiliarity)部分了解部分了解(LowdegreeOffamiliarity)相互依存相互依存相互合作相互合作(interdependenceandcooperation)独立，自主，竞争独立，自主，竞争(independence，autonomityandcompetition)牢固，稳定，长久牢固，稳定，长久(solid，stableandlifelong)暂短，不稳定，不牢固暂短，不稳定，不牢固(shortlived，unstableandnotsolid)封闭式：圈子内，少变化，数量少封闭式：圈子内，少变化，数量少(一生得一知一生得