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1、一、被动语态的构成形式1.被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式各种时态的被动语态形式为:被动语态由be过去分词构成,be随时态的变化而变化。以do 为例,1) am/is/are +done (例 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.2) has /have been done 现在完成时例 All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.3) am/is /are being done 现在进行时过去分词
2、 )一般现在时例 A new cinema is being built here4) was/were done 一般过去时例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5) had been done 过去完成时例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.6) was/were being done 过去进行时例 A meeting was being held when I was t
3、here.7) shall/will be done 一般将来时例 Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.8) should/would be done 过去将来时例 The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.9) shall/will have been done 将来完成时(少用)例 The project will have been completed before July.2.被动语态的特殊结构形式1)带情态动词的被动结构。
4、其形式为:情态动词be过去分词。例 The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2)有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。例 His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.3)当“动词 +宾语 +宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。例 S
5、omeone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.以及感官动词 see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe 等后面不定式作4)在使役动词 have, make, get宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式例 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.building.to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to。可改为 A stranger was seen to walk into the5)有些相
6、当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词介词”,“动词副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例 The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3.非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing形式及不定式to do 也有被动语态 (一般时态和完成时态)。例 I dont like being laughed at in the public.二、如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时,不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构,还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。1.讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者例 My bike was sto
7、len last night.(这时可省 by短语 )。2.借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.3.为了更好地安排句子。例 The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people.(一个主语就够了)三、 It is said that+一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如用于句型“ It be过去分词 that从句”或“主语从句及其他类似句型believe, co
8、nsider, expect, report, say, suppose, thinkbe过去分词 to do sth. ”。有:,据报道, It is believed that ,大家相信,It is thought that ,大家认为,等可以It is said thatthat ,大家希望,that , 据建议。,据说 ,It is reported thatIt is hopedIt is well known that ,众所周知,It is suggested例 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.( The
9、 boy is said to have passed thenational exam.)四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1.英语中有很多动词如break, catch, clean, drive, lock, open, sell, read, write, wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义 ,主语通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。2.表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,如:happen, last, take place,
10、 break out, come out,等以主动形式表示被动意义。come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out例 How do the newspapers come out?这些报纸是如何引出来的呢?3.系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。例 Your reason sounds reasonable五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义1在 need, want, requ
11、ire, bear式的被动形式。例 The house needs repairing2形容词 worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而式的被动形式。3.动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do 与 things是动宾关系,与I是主谓关系。 )试比较: I ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? (态
12、作定语表明 you不是 post动作的执行者。 )此处用不定式的被动语4.在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有 nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult , important,impossible, pleasant, interesting 等。例 This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作 to work out省略了 for me) .5在 too , to ,结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示
13、被动意义。例 This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.6.在 there be ,句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物。例 There is no time to loselost time 不明确。)7.在 be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动,下列动词等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?六、介词 in, on, under 等 +名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之义,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词。1.“ under +名词”结构,表示“某事在进行中”。2“ beyond+名词”结构,“出乎 ,胜过 ,、范围、限度”3.“ above+名词”结构 ,表示“ (品质、行为、能力等4“ for+名词”结构,表示“适于 ,、为着 , ”。5“ in+名词”结构范围内 ) ,等。6“ on+名词”结构 ,表示“在从事 ,(受审)。7“ out of+名词”结构;表示“超出 ,8“ within+名词”结构,“在 ,内、不超过
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