(3.1)--营养学基础之宏量营养素和能量(1).pdf
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1、Food nutritionMain contentMain contentnChapter 1 Nutrition foundationEnergy and macronutrients(6 h)nChapter 2 Nutrition foundationMicronutrients and other components(9 h)nChapter 3 Food nutrition(6 h)nChapter 4 Nutrition management of special foods(4 h)nChapter 5 Dietary nutritional balance(5 h)Chap
2、ter 1Nutrition foundation-Macronutrient and energyFood nutritionMain contentlSection Concept of food nutrition lSection EnergylSection CarbohydrateslSection Fat and other lipidslSection ProteinSection Concept of food nutrition FoodsdietaryDietary structureThe total amount of food consumed each day。每
3、天每天消费的各种食物的总称消费的各种食物的总称various edible substances including processed foods,semi-finished products and unprocessed foods.The relative composition of the types and quantities of food consumed-消费食物种类及数量的消费食物种类及数量的相对构成(素膳;混合膳食)相对构成(素膳;混合膳食)食品相关概念食品相关概念Provide various nutrients to meet the nutritional re
4、quirements of the body.提供各种营养素以满足机体营养要求。提供各种营养素以满足机体营养要求。Food related concepts目的目的purposeThere are dozens of nutrients necessary for the human body:Protein、fat、carbohydrates、minerals、vitamins、water and Dietary fiber。Nutrition:The process of ingesting food to meet ones physiological needs.从外界摄取食物满足自身
5、生理需要的过程从外界摄取食物满足自身生理需要的过程。Nutrients:The active ingredients in food are called nutrients.食物中有效成分称营养素食物中有效成分称营养素Non-nutrientsIn addition to nutrients,other substances beneficial to the human body,known as non-nutrients(食物除含营养素外,还含有其他对人(食物除含营养素外,还含有其他对人体有益的物质,称体有益的物质,称非营养素非营养素)。)。plant secondary substa
6、ncesWhat are the roles of these nutrients/non-nutrients in the human body?当今关注的非营养素当今关注的非营养素植植物化学素物化学素(phyto-chemicals)Fig.1 Nutrient class and its physiological function构成身体组织构成身体组织CarbohydratesfatvitaminsProteinmineralswater供给热量供给热量生理调节功能生理调节功能main functionsecondary functionConstitute the body tis
7、suesPhysiological regulatory functionEnergy supplyEnergy nutrientDietary fiberphyto-chemicalsProtective nutrientnNutritional value refers to the degree to which nutrients and energy in food meet human needs.食物中营养素及能食物中营养素及能量满足人体需要的程度。量满足人体需要的程度。Nutrient content and composition of food.Human needsMal
8、nutrition:the adverse health effects of insufficient or lack or imbalance and surplus of one or more nutrients.一种或一种以上营养素不足或缺乏或不均衡以及一种或一种以上营养素不足或缺乏或不均衡以及过剩所带来的对健康产生的不良影响过剩所带来的对健康产生的不良影响。vNutrient density(ND):Concentration of important nutrients in food based on unit calories(指食品中以单位热量为基础所含重要营养素的浓度为指
9、食品中以单位热量为基础所含重要营养素的浓度为营养素密度营养素密度)。提供提供1000kcal的食物中某营养素含量。的食物中某营养素含量。ND=Nutrient weight unit/4.18MJ(1000Kcal)Index of nutritional quality(营养质量指数营养质量指数INQINQ)INQ=X/Y=X/YX:100 g食物(可食部)某营养素占食物(可食部)某营养素占RNI或或AI的比值的比值Y:100 g食物(可食部)能量含量与能量参考摄入量的比值。食物(可食部)能量含量与能量参考摄入量的比值。Essential nutrients:protein、vitamins
10、、mineralsnNutrition labels:Labels describing the energy and nutrient content of meat,fruits,vegetables and other processed foods(在肉类、果蔬及(在肉类、果蔬及其它各种加工食品上描述其热能及营养素含量的标志)。其它各种加工食品上描述其热能及营养素含量的标志)。nNutrition facts:The value of each 100g(mL)and/or serving of food is indicated,together with the percentag
11、e of nutrient content in the nutrient reference value(NRV).营养成分标示:以每营养成分标示:以每100g(mL)和)和/或每份或每份食品中含量数值标示,并同时标示所含营养食品中含量数值标示,并同时标示所含营养成分占营养素参考值(成分占营养素参考值(NRV)百分比。)百分比。Nutrition labeling order(营养成分标示顺序营养成分标示顺序)EnergyProteinFat-饱和脂肪(酸)饱和脂肪(酸)-不饱和脂肪(酸)不饱和脂肪(酸)-反式脂肪(酸)反式脂肪(酸)胆固醇胆固醇Carbohydrate-SugarDieta
12、ry fiber:-可溶性膳食纤维可溶性膳食纤维-不溶性膳食纤维不溶性膳食纤维SodiumnOther vitamins:VitaminD、E、K、B1(硫胺素)、(硫胺素)、B2(核黄素)、(核黄素)、B6、B12、VitaminC(抗坏血酸)、烟酸(烟酰胺)、叶酸、泛酸、生(抗坏血酸)、烟酸(烟酰胺)、叶酸、泛酸、生物素和胆碱;物素和胆碱;nOther minerals:磷:磷/钾钾/镁镁/铁铁/锌锌/碘碘/硒硒/铜铜/氟氟/铬铬/锰和钼。锰和钼。1+41+6Dietary reference intakes,DRIs:2013满足某一特定性别、年龄满足某一特定性别、年龄及生理状况群体绝大
13、多数及生理状况群体绝大多数(97%97%-98%98%)个体需要量的摄个体需要量的摄入水平。入水平。RNI=1.2*EARRNI=1.2*EAREARRNIAIULDRIs通过观察或实验获通过观察或实验获得的健康人群某种得的健康人群某种营养素的摄入量营养素的摄入量平均每日摄入营平均每日摄入营养素的最高限量养素的最高限量可满足某一特定性别可满足某一特定性别年龄及生理状况群体年龄及生理状况群体中中50%个体需要量的个体需要量的摄入水平。摄入水平。estimated average requirementrecommended nutrient intakeadequate intaketolera
14、ble upper intake level新增PI-NCD、AMDR和和SPLContinueDRIsnPI-NCD:proposed intakes for chronic non-communicable diseases:预防:预防NCD的建议摄入量。的建议摄入量。nAMDR(Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges):):宏量营养素可接受的摄入量范宏量营养素可接受的摄入量范围围NCD:chronic non-communicable diseasesnSPL(Specified Proposed levels):特定建议值):特定建议值
15、Section Section energyenergy.Energy nutrients and energy.Energy requirement of human body.Energy metabolism imbalance.Dietary Reference Intakes(DRIs)and food sources of energy.Energy nutrients and energy 1.Energy nutrients and thermal equivalent of oxygen 产能营养素及氧的热价产能营养素及氧的热价nCarbohydrate:4.1*98%=4
16、kcal/g+CO2+waternLipids:9.45*95%=9 kcal/g+CO2+H2OnProtein:(5.65-1.3)*92%=4 kcal/g+urea et al.产能营养素及能量产能营养素及能量v能量系数能量系数/energy coefficient:以每克产能营养素在体内充分以每克产能营养素在体内充分氧化时所释放的热量来表示。氧化时所释放的热量来表示。alcohol 7、organic acid 3、DF(dietary fiber)2kcal/gthermal equivalent of oxygenthermal equivalent of oxygen(TEO)
17、氧的热价氧的热价The TEO in general mixed foods:4.825 kcal/L O2lIn the oxidation process of metabolic substances,the heat generated by each 1L O2 consumption is called the calorific value of oxygen-代谢物质氧代谢物质氧化过程中,每耗化过程中,每耗1L O2所产生的热量称氧的热价。所产生的热量称氧的热价。1g Energy nutrients and othersTEO kcal/L O2carbohydratelip
18、idsProteinAlcohol5.054.68O2 consumption 0.81LO2 consumption 1.98L4.664.862.ATP与与CPuATP浓度很高时,可将高能磷酸浓度很高时,可将高能磷酸键转移给键转移给肌酸肌酸,暂时贮存能量;当,暂时贮存能量;当细胞内细胞内ATP有少量消耗时,磷酸肌有少量消耗时,磷酸肌酸又生成新的酸又生成新的ATP。ADP+CP C+ATP+9.5 kcal/molATP:Energy storage and energy supply are realized through synthesis and decomposition of A
19、TP。ATP ADP+H3PO4+8 kcal/mol图图9-1图图9-1metabolitesHeat energyChemical energyMuscle contractionNerve conduction and bioelectricityanabolicAbsorption and secretionothersThe transfer,storage and utilization of energy in the body.Energy requirement of human bodyFAO:总的食物能量需要与能量消耗相平衡,总的食物能量需要与能量消耗相平衡,用以维持与长
20、期良好健康状况相适应的体格、用以维持与长期良好健康状况相适应的体格、体成分和必要的体力活动。体成分和必要的体力活动。1、Basal metabolism(6070%);2、Energy consumption of physical activity(1530%).3、specific dynamic action(10%);4、Growing development,et al1、Basal MetabolismlThe minimum amount of thermal energy required to sustain life when the body is awake,still
21、,and fasting and at a given ambient temperature.当机体处于当机体处于清醒、静卧和空腹状态下及一定环境温度下维持生命所必需的最低热能需要量。清醒、静卧和空腹状态下及一定环境温度下维持生命所必需的最低热能需要量。vIn general,the energy consumed is 1kcal per hour per kilogram of body weightv一般情况下,每一般情况下,每kg体重、每体重、每h BM 所耗能量为所耗能量为1kcal。l Basal metabolism rate(BMR):The energy consumed
22、by basal metabolism is usually expressed in terms of the energy emitted per h per M2 surface area.BMR所消耗的能量通常以每所消耗的能量通常以每h每每M2体表面积所散发的能量来表示。体表面积所散发的能量来表示。u24h BEE(The simple calculation of 24h basal energy expenditure)1kcal*24h*体重(体重(kg)The influence factors of energy expenditure with BM 基础代谢能量消耗影响因
23、素基础代谢能量消耗影响因素vBody surface area and body type 体表面积和体型体表面积和体型vAge and gender(年龄、性别;通常女性(年龄、性别;通常女性BMRBMR约比男性低约比男性低5%5%)vEnvironmental temperature and climate;环环境温度与气候境温度与气候;vThe state of nutrition and physiology 营养状态及营养状态及生理状态生理状态vDisease,endocrine and all stress states 疾病、内分疾病、内分泌及一切应激状态。泌及一切应激状态。BM
24、R占占TEE的的60%-70%。与瘦组织高度相关与瘦组织高度相关。运动等因素和甲状腺机运动等因素和甲状腺机能亢进、儿茶酚胺释放、能亢进、儿茶酚胺释放、发烧、应激、冷暴露和发烧、应激、冷暴露和烧伤等可致烧伤等可致BMR升高。升高。2、Energy consumption of physical activity 体力活动的能量消耗体力活动的能量消耗The thermogenic effect of exercise:Energy expenditure for physical activity and/or maintenance of excited state.运动的生热效应:运动的生热效
25、应:用于体力活用于体力活动动/维持兴奋状态的能量消耗维持兴奋状态的能量消耗.uIncluding professional activities,social activities,housework and leisure activities 包括职业活动包括职业活动/社会活动社会活动/家务和休闲活动等家务和休闲活动等.PAL=总能量消耗总能量消耗(TEE)/基础能量消耗基础能量消耗(BEE)PAL classification p32p32uphysical activity level(PAL;PAL;身体身体活动水平活动水平):习惯于久坐不动的人可习惯于久坐不动的人可能只有能只有TE
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