产业生态学Industrialecology (2).pdf

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1、All copyright is reservedChap.1 INTRODUCTIONHow does an environmental problem occur?Questions for course How does an environmental problem occur?What is the role of industryin linking humanity to the environment How will IE challenge environmental problems?How will IE be performed at BNUCONTENTS 1.1

2、 Environmental Problems 1.2 The role of industry 1.3 The main contents of IE in addressing the Challenge 1.4 Teaching IE at BNU Question 1How does an environmental problem occur?1.1 Environmental problems Scientific Research Principles:From individual to universal law From phenomenon to essence Envi

3、ronmental problem examples Loss of Biodiversity and Extinctions Threats:Habitat destruction,Overexploitation,Introduced and invasive species,Genetic pollution and so onhttps:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity#Species_loss_rates Total number of species is around 8.7 million In absolute:the planet ha

4、s lost 52%of its biodiversity since 1970(World Wildlife Fund,2014)Species loss rates:140,000 species per year Example 1 Factors contributing to habitat loss:OverconsumptionOverpopulationLand use changeDeforestationPollutionGlobal warminghttps:/ factors of biodiversity losses are human activities Exa

5、mple 2Nonrenewable resources depletionhttps:/minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/Date source：Http:/minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/MetalsReserves（Mt of metal content）Mine Production（Mt of metal content）Service yearWorldChinaWorldChinaWorldChinaZn2304313.45179Cu7003018.31.63819Ni8100030

6、002630953132Pb87145.492.9165Ag53043264.12010Nonrenewable resource depletion Source factors of nonrenewable resource depletion are human consumptionhttp:/ Example 3 Some pollutants deteriorate the environment qualityhttp:/ pollutionThe comparison of anthropogenic metal cycle with its biogeochemical c

7、ycleMetalsConcentration in soilmg/kgAnthropogenic flow rate/biogeochemical flow rateAl72,0000.048Fe26,0001.4Mn9,0000.028Ti2,9000.096Zn608.3Cr544.6Cu2524Ni194.8Pb1912Mo0.978.5Cd0.353.9Hg0.0911Source:Azar and colleagues(1996);Sten Karlsson,JIE(1999)Main source of pollutants are human production and co

8、nsumptionhttp:/ examples of environmental problemsLand DesertificationDesertification is the persistent degradation of drylandecosystems by variations in climate and human activitiesdrylands occupy nearly half of Earths land area,Some 10 to 20%of drylands are already degradedhttps:/ systemHuman hybrid system Environmental problems results from human disturbance