(8.3)--辩论-Unit8-董-非视频3-第4期.pdf

《(8.3)--辩论-Unit8-董-非视频3-第4期.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《(8.3)--辩论-Unit8-董-非视频3-第4期.pdf（3页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、TYPES OF MOTIONS IN WSDC DEBATE Alfred Snider,World Debate Institute,University of Vermont While the word used in the USA is topic,in WSDC we say“motion.”This is because in a parliamentary system the debate is about a motion proposed before a group,often called“This House.”The“House”being referred t

2、o is,to me,the room where the debate is taking place,and you are trying to persuade people in that room to vote for or against the motion.Basic Ideas Motion is what the debate should be about.The debate should be about the ideas and concepts of the motion.You want to remain focused on those ideas.Th

3、e proposition or government side must uphold the motion.The opposition side must oppose the motion.Proposition must interpret the motion so as to create a good debate.They should not interpret the motion so that it is easier for them to win the debate,but so that the main issues can be fully debated

4、.The judges will punish proposition teams who attempt to define the motion to make it much smaller or easier for them to win.Sometimes a proposition team thinks they are being“smart”by interpreting the notion in an unexpected way so that they can take the other team by surprise.But,in taking the jud

5、ges by surprise they actually are being unwise.When the judges see that the proposition is debating the motion the way they expected,they approve.You want judge approval.Types of Motions While there may well be an infinite number of different types of motions,for the purposes of advising debaters on

6、 strategy and method,I find that three types of motions provide a fairly good framework.Different types of motions have different obligations and requirements.This is why you need such a categorization system,because it can help you discover quickly and accurately what it is you are supposed to do w

7、ithin a given motion.FACT:Something is or is not.VALUE:Something is of inherent worth or not.POLICY:Something should be done or should not be done.MOTIONS OF FACT Something is or is not true.The motion calls for a factual interpretation.It is the most basic and straightforward sort of motion.Very mu

8、ch like a court decision guilty or not guilty,a factual determination.The crime was or was not committed is a factual determination.Examples:THBT advertising does more harm than good for society.THBT that China and the USA will be allies in the 21st Century.Weigh the facts.Do not be distracted by th

9、e“harm”and“good”in the motion.The advertising motion is asking you to look at all the harms and goods in this instance and then decide which one predominates.This motion is very much like a civil court case.The China motion is set to determine a fact,but it is a future fact.This is still quite legit

10、imate to do within a factual framework.Need a standard to determine who wins.Here are some common ones Majority of examples.Preponderance of evidence.True beyond a reasonable doubt.MOTIONS OF VALUE Something is or is not of inherent value.THBT Shakespeare is the worlds greatest writer.Locate the val

11、ue term and then define it to determine how to win the debate.“Greatest writer”is.You develop a list of criteria,and when you meet them you have proven it.Name some criteria you would use to prove this motion.Which ones are the more reasonable?THBT Deng Xiao Ping was a greater Chinese leader than Ma

12、o Ze Dong Locate the value term(“greater Chinese leader”)and then define it to determine how to win the debate.Name some criteria you would use to prove this motion.Which ones are the more reasonable?Without a clear definition of this term the debate will be a mess.Definition should be reasonable bu

13、t favorable.MOTIONS OF POLICY Something should be done.Action government,international,individual.THW legalize prostitution.Proposition needs a model how they would do this.Relevant detail who,what,how,who pays for it?Build the model anticipating the opposition arguments.For example,unless you say p

14、rostitutes must be of age you are advocating child prostitution.Must show that the model addresses a problem and reduces it.Some detail,but not too much.Judges dislike models that have too much self-serving detail.OTHER MATTERS Might be in more than one category.THBT parents should not hit their chi

15、ldren.This could be done as a policy or as a value motion(with“should not”being the value).Pick the version that makes it easier for you to win:Policy:investigate and prosecute all parents who hit their children(losing option).Value:parents should not hit their children because it is morally wrong,f

16、or a number of reasons(better option).Make it international,not local.Agent might be specific,like“developing nations”or such.Anticipate interpretations when you are opposition.Anticipate several possible interpretations,and remodel your strategy based on the one they choose.WHICH TYPE?THW execute c

17、onvicted war criminals.THBT humanity will not reach the 22nd Century.THBT state-run media cannot serve the function of a free press.THBT it is wrong to eat whales and sharks.THW not watch videos of beheadings.MORE.THBT viewing violent media leads to violent behavior.THBT NATO is an outdated institution.THBT standardized testing is the enemy of learning.THW require all candidates for national office to undergo lie detector tests with questions submitted by their opponents.