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1、表语:定义用在系词之后,表明主语的年龄、身份、状态、特征等的句子成分。特征:找 准系词,后面的就是表语啦系词分三类:1 各种 be (is am are was were)感官动词 feel look sound taste smell2 表示变化和不变的词 get turn go become (变化) keep stay remain (不变)举例 this is (a good book)he feels (cold)his face (turned red)the food (went bad)the baby (stays healthy) 括号内为表语宾语:宾语是动作、行为的对象,
2、是动作的承受者。宾语由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名 词的词、短语来担任。宾语补足语就是用来对宾语加以补充说明的文字,和宾语一起构成复合宾语。可做宾语补足 语的通常有名词,形容词、副词、不定式,分词等。宾语和宾语补足语之间在逻辑上往往 有主表、或者主谓的关系。I found him clever, clever就是宾补,和him有主表的关系,即 我们可以说:He is clevero I saw her playing on the playground.playing 就是宾补,和宾语 her有主谓逻辑关系,即我们可以说:She is playingo宾语补足语就是用来对宾语加以补充说明的通常
3、是说明宾语的特征、性质、状态或者身份等。定语:用来说明名词或代词的品质与特征的词,短语或从句,在句子中就称为定语. 可以用作定语的词或结构,有下列一些,各举一例如下(定语用大写体表示):1 .形容词It is a RED bag.(它是一只红色的书包.)2 .名词或名词的所有格Mother made a BIRTHDAYcake for me.(妈妈给我做了个生日蛋糕.)LI MING,S father is a professor.(李明的爸爸是一位教授.).代词YOUR hair needs washing.(你的头发需要洗了.).数词I have read this book THREE
4、 times.(我已读过这本书三遍了.).分词China is a DEVELOPING country.(中国是个发展中国家.)现在分词The United States is a DEVELOPED country.(美国是个发达国家.)过去分词.动名词LEARNING method is importanr for us.(学习方法对我们而言很重要.).副词Xiao Hong lives in the room ABOVE.(小红住在上面的房间里.).不定式Would you want something TO.doing作状语往往和逻辑主语之间存在主动关系,表示时间、原因、方式、结果、
5、条件、 伴随情况Walking down the street, I met an old friend of mine.(时间状语,walk 和 meet 同时发生) Hearing the cry for help, they all rushed out.(原因状语,hear 和 rush out 几乎同时发生) We sat by the window, talking about what had happened.(伴随状语,talk 和 sit 同时发生) Having brushed my teeth, I came downstairs for breakfast.(时间犬语
6、,brush teeth 在 come downstairs之前发生)、Thinking it over, you will not take the job.= If you think it over (条件状语)Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.(原因状语,be there 在 offer 之 前发生).done作状语表示被动或完成的动作,表示原因、时间、条件、伴随等。 (DEncouraged by the teacher, we worked still harder than ever.(=As we
7、were encouraged by the teacher)受到老师的鼓励,我们比以前更努力地学习。(原因状语)(2)Considered from this point of view, the question will be of great importance.(=If it is considered from the point of view)若从这个角度考虑,那个问题很重要。(条件状语)(3)Seen from the h川,the town looks nice.(=When the town is seen from the hill)(时间状语)(4)He turne
8、d away disappointed.(=and he was disappointed)(伴随状语). to do/ in order to do /so as to do(不于句首)用不定式作目的状语I studied hard to pass the exam.为了通过这次考试我努力读书。为了强调目的,有时可把不定式放在句首,或在不定式前加。如:In order to /To be there on time, we got up early.为了按时到那儿,我们起的很早。He sold them so as to /in order to/ to have money to buy
9、some food.他把它们卖掉是为了 有钱买食物。1 . (only/ never) to do表示出人意料的结果。I came in only to find nobody here.我走进来,却发现这儿一个人都没有。(表意外结果,加1 only用来强调意外)He hurried to the station to find the train had gone.他匆忙赶往车站,结果发现火车开走了。(表意外结果)The song is sung all over the country, making it the most popular song. =and made it the m
10、ost popular song 全国到处在传唱这首歌曲,使它成了一首最受人欢迎的歌曲。(没有意外结果的意思)2 .独立主格1)“名词(主格代词)+doing”相当于一个状语从句,表示条件、原因、结果、伴随等。 (DThe bus being very crowded, he had to stand.=As the bus was very crowded.公共汽车很挤,他只好站着。(表原因)(分词的逻辑主语是the bus,句子的主语是he)(2)AII the guests having left, we began cleaning up the room.=After all the
11、 guests had left.所有的客人走了之后,我们开始打扫房间。(表时间)(分词的逻辑主语是all the guests,句 子的主语是we) “Mama! ” she cried suddenly, tears rolling down her cheeks.=and tears rolled down her cheeks.“妈妈”,她突然哭了,眼泪顺着脸颊流下来。(表伴随)(分词的逻辑主语是tears,句子的主语是she)2)分词的独立结构作状语assumingadmittingaccording to /owing to/judging by/fromconsidering/s
12、eeing/given/allowing forconcerning/regardinggenerally speakingsaving/expectingsupposing/providing/providedtalking to/aboutVI.作补足语-to do/ doing/ done:1 .to d。作补足语表主动的动作,doing作补足语表正在进行的动作,done/to be done作补足语表被动的动作。Would you like us to go with you?你愿意我们和你一起去吗?(我们去)She could fell her heart beating viole
13、ntly.她可以感到自己的心跳得很厉害。(心正在跳动)Please get your baby examined.请让你的孩子检查一下。(孩子被检查).感官动词do一做了某事(被动还原to have/ let除外)S.+宾语+ doing一正在做某事(being done被动)使役动词done一被动完成I saw him crossing the road.我看到他正在过马路。(指在马路中间或过马路的途中)I saw him cross the road.我看见他过了马路。(指看见他过了马路这个过程)I saw him beaten black and blue.我看到他被打得青一块紫一块。(
14、指看见他被打)巧记感官动词和使役动词一“一感二听三让五看”feel,/ hear, listen to, / let, make, have, /look at, see, watch, notice, observe*以上动词接to do作宾补时不带too被动语态时要还原tohelp 后面的 to do 做宾补 to 可带可不带 *They were made to pay back the money.他们 被迫还钱。He was noticed to leave the office.有人注意到他离开了办公室。* have + 宾语+doing常和will/would not连用,表示“
15、不允许某人总是或反复地做某事”I wont have him speaking to me like that.我不允许他那样对我讲话。3 .要求接带t。的不定式作其宾补的动词有:force, tell, invite, expect, wish, advise, warn, cause, order, encourage, persuade, beg, permit, allow 等He advised me to give up smoking.他建议我戒烟。We encouraged him to try again.我们鼓励他再试试。At the meeting they invite
16、d me to speak.在会议上他们邀请我发言。4 . with复合结构with +宾语+ to do (将来,主动表被动)with +宾语+ doing (现在或过去主动,现在被动:being done)with +宾语+ done (过去,被动)从句(Subordinate Clause)是复合句里的一个句子成分。它不能独立成句,但它也有主语 部分和谓语部分,就是句子一样。所不同的是,它必须由一个关联词that, who、whom, when, why, whereo how, which 等引导词(Connective)来引导。从句有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句
17、和状语从句6类。由于主 语从句、表语从句及宾语从句在句子的功用相当于名词,故而这3种从句又通称名词性从句 名词性从句,定语从句,状语从句。其中名词性从句又可分为 主语从句,宾语从句,表 语从句和同位语从句。现在来说说怎么区别:主语从句:即从句在复合句中充当主语成分。如: Whose watch was lost is unknown.这里Whose watch was lost就是一个主语从句,is就是谓语,unknown充当表语成分。 整个复合句就是一个主谓表结构。宾语从句:即从句在复合句中充当宾语成分。如:I have found out that all the tickets for
18、the concert have been sold out.我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了.这里 all the tickets for the concert have been sold out,就是一个由 that 引导的宾语从句。很明显,I是复合句的主语,have found out就是句子的谓语,后面的句子就充当宾语了。表语从句:即从句在复合句中充当表语成分如:His suggestion is that we should stay calm.is后面的就是表语了,用来说明主语的内容,性质等等。同位语从句:在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面,用以 说
19、明该名词表示的具体内容。如:I have no idea When he will be back.我不知道他什么时候回来。He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。状语从句:即从句在复合句中充当状语成分。用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为:1 .时间状语从句;2.地点状语从句;3.原因状语从句;4.条件状语从句;5.目的状语从句;6.让步状语从句;7.比较状语从句;8.程度状语从句;9.方式状语从句;10. 结果状语从句。定语从句:即从
20、句在复合句中充当定语。1定语可以由形容词,名词,代词,数词,分词,副词,不定式以及介词短语来担任,也 可以由一个句子来担任.定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成 分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句.2定语从句用来修饰名词,代词或整个主句.3定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。4定语从句存在的条件:先行词+关系词(有的版本作关联词)+从句例如:The boys who are playing football are from Class One.很明显,后面由who引导的从句是用来形容或者说限定the boys的,此则称为定语从句。 时间状语:
21、when Vs while 优选when not , unti as soon as , since (主从时态不一致,答案就选它)before after条件状语:if unless原因状语 because 让步状语:although though even if 结果状语:so 和 such , that怎样正确区分各种形同义不同的引导词引导的从句呢?1、分析句子结构以区虽从句的种类遇到一个复合句,首先要分析其句子结构,看从句在 整个句子中起什么作用,那么它就是什么从句。2、分析引导词的句法作用以区别从句的种类that这个词即是引导同位语从句,又可引导 定语从句,这种两种从句从形式和结构上
22、看特别相似,如何区分呢?区分that引导的是同 位语从句还是定语从句的方法是,看that在从句中是否充当句子成分,若that在从句中不 充当任何成分,则为同位语从句;若that在从句中充当主语或宾语,则为定语从句。3、根据被修饰词来判断从句的种类定语从句常常修饰一些具有实际意义的名词,如:the film; the student; the book; a house等等。而同位语从句常常修饰一些表示抽象概念的 名词,如fact、idea、promise、truth等,用来说明这些名词所表示的具体内容。状语从句 在句子中常用来修饰谓语动词。4、根据从句前词的词性来判断从句的种类宾语从句分两种:
23、动词的宾语从句、介词的宾 语从句。宾语从句前肯定是动词或介词。定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的,所以其前一定 是一个名词或代词。5、根据上下文意义和结构形式上区分从句的种类 如so that即可引导目的状语从句,又 可引导结果状语从句,如何区分呢?主要从以下两点来区分。根据上下文意义判断。“以 便”表示目的,是目的状语从句,“以致于”,“结果”表示结果,是结果状语从 句。从结构形式上来分辨。so that前有逗号,为结果状语从句,反之,则为目的状语从句。有时,sothat前无逗号,这里要看从句中有无can、could、may might will、would should等 情态动词,如果有,则
24、多是目的状语从句,若没有,则多是结果状语从句英语上的分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于:现在分词表示“主动和进行”,过去分词表示被动和完 成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑 主语等。1、分词作状语分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词在句子中作状语,使用何种分词,要取决于分词与句子主语的关系:主谓关系用现在分 词,动宾或被动关系用过去分词。(1)现在分i司 The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.(2)过去分
25、词 Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better.2、“while (when, once, until, if, though等连词)+分词”结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时, 有时可以在分词前加while, when, once, although, until, if等连词。When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waitin
26、g for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her workOnce recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.3、分词作定语分词作定语时,单个的分词
27、通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于 所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分 词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.This is really an exhausting day to all of us!We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessn
28、ess, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developedcountries 4、分词作宾语补足语现在分词在 see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance 等感官动词和 look at, listen to 等短语动词以及 have, keep, get, catch,
29、leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分。5、分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为 物;过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人。代词分类 例词 人称代词I我you你he他she她they他们me我(宾格)you你(宾格) him他(宾格)her她(宾格)them他们(宾格)物主代词my我的his他的your你的(your你们的)their他们的her她的 指示代词this这that那these这些those那 些 反身代词myself我自己himself他自己themselves他们自己 疑
30、问代词who谁 what什么which哪个不定代词some一些many许多both两个;两个都关系代词which 的物who 的人that 的人或物who谁that引导定语从句相互代词 each other 互相 one another 互相连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whatever,whichever,whoever,whomever替代词 one (单数),ones (复数)用于替代前面出现的同类事物一、人称代词是表示”我”、”你”、他她“、”它”、“我们“、“你们“、“他们”的词。是表示自身或人称的代词。关系代词 who, whom, whose, th
31、at, which 的用7去(1)关系代词 who, whom, whose, that, which 的用法英语中的关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which,它们是用来引导定语从句的。 关系代词既代表定语从句所修饰的词,又在其所引导的从句中承担一个成分,如主语、宾 语、表语或定语。如:This is the man who saved your son.这就是救了你儿子的那个人。(who在从句中作主语,先行词是man)The man whom I met yesterday is Jim.我昨天见到的那个人是吉姆。(whom在从句中作宾语,它的先行词是man)A
32、child whose parents are dead is an orphan.失去父母的孩子是孤儿。(whose在从句中作定语,它的先行词是child)He wants a room whose window looks out over the sea.他想要个窗户面临大海的房间。(whose在从句中作定语,它的先行词是room)who, whom 和 whosewho和whom代表人,在从句中作主语时用who,作宾语时用whom,可省略。但若 whom作介词宾语且介词放在其前时,不能省略;如介词位于句末时,可以省略。whose 代表某人的,在从句中作定语。如:The man who
33、insists upon seeing with perfect clearness before he decides, neverdecides.坚持看清楚一切后才做决定的人永远也做不了决定。(who作主语)He is a man whom everybody respects.他是一个人人都尊敬的人。(whom作宾语,可以省略)He is a man fromwhom we all should learn.他是我们大家都应该学习的人。(whom作介词宾语且介词位于其前,不能省略)(此句也可以是:He is a man (whom) we should all learn from.)T
34、he people whose houses were damaged will be compensated.房子被损坏了的人将给予补偿。Who, whom和whose可用于非限制性定语从句中,代表某人或某人的,此时不能用that。 如:My sister, who is a nurse, came home for a few days.我姐姐回家住了几天,她是个护士。1 whichwhich代表物,在从句中可作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略,但作介词宾语且介词 位于其前时不能省略。如:The book which helps you most are those which make yo
35、u think most.最能使你获益的书是那些最能让你深思的书。(作主语)This is a factor which we must not neglect.这是一个我们绝不能忽略的因素。(作宾语,可省略)Where is the book from which you quoted this sentence?你引用这句话的那本书在哪儿?(作介词宾语且介词位于其前时,不能省略)which可用于非限制性定语从句中,代表物。如:The book, which I bought second-hand, is made of oak.我买的这张书桌是用橡木做的,它是二手货。2 thatthat
36、可以代表事也可代表人,在从句中可以作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略,但不能 用于非限制性定语从句中。代表人时who比that用的多些,代表物时that比which用的多 些。如:The letter that came this morning is from my mother.今天早晨收到的那封信是我母亲寄来的。(that代表物,在从句中作主语)Those students that failed the exam will have to take it again.考试不及格的学生必须补考。(that代表人,在从句中作主语)Have you forgotten about the mone
37、y (that) I lent you last week?你忘了上星期我借给你钱的事了吗? (that代表物,在从句中作宾语,可省略)All the people (that) I invited have agreed to come.所有我邀请了的人都同意来。(that代表人,在从句中作宾语,可省略)The hotel (that) we stayed at was both cheap and comfortable.我们住的那家旅馆既便宜又舒服。(that代表物,在从句中作介词宾语,可省略)(2)补充说明EAT?(你想吃点什么东西吗?).介词短语This is a map OF BE
38、IJING.(这是一幅北京地图.).从句He repeated everything THAT SHE HAS SAID.(他重复了她说的每件事.)定语在句子中的位置单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名次的前面.如果所修饰的名词带有冠词,放在冠词和名 词之间.副词,不定式,介词短语和从句作定语时,要放在被修饰词的后面.修饰some, any, no, every等所构成的复合不定代词时,定语要放在它的后面例如:I have told you everything IMPORTANT that I know.(我把我知道的每件重要的事 都告诉你了.)英语状语英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分
39、叫状语(adverbial)。状语的功用:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状 况等。状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其 位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中。副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。1 .副词一般在句子中做状语.He speaks English very well.他英语说得非常好.He is playing under the tree.中的 under the tree(地点状语)2 .不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。I come specially
40、to see you.我专门来看你.3 .介词短语Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.The boy was praised for his bravery.4 .从句作状语When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.5 .分词作状语Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temperoInh
41、ibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.非谓语动词在英语中,动词不定式、动名词和分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)可以出现在句子中除谓 语以外的任何一个位置上,充当句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等成分,这些 动词形式称为非谓语动词。非谓语动词主要的句法功能一览表:下列情况下,定语从句的关系代词只能用that,不能用which或who1当先行词中有形容词的最高级时。如:Shakespeare is the greatest poet that English ha
42、s ever had.莎士比亚是英国所拥有的最伟大的诗人。Is this the best that you can do?你最多只能做到这样吗?2当先行词为代词 all, anything, everything, little, much, nobody, nothing 时。如: Anyone that wants to succeed must work hard.任何想要获得成功的人必须努力工作。3当先行词中有含有 any, every, no, only, the first, the last, the same 时。如:You are the only person that
43、can help me.你是唯一能帮助我的人。Take the first chance that offers.抓住出现的第一个机会。(3)没有先行词的关系代词如果关系代词引导的从句不是作定语修饰先行词而是充当句子成分,这种关系代词就没 有先行词,它只起连接作用。这种关系代词有:what, whatever, whoever, whichever, wherever 等。如:What woke me up was a splashing noise.把我吵醒的是一阵溅水的声音。(what从句作主语)I dont know what good they could have done.我不知道
44、他们能起什么好作用。(what从句作宾语)Whoever breaks the law is punished in the end.违法者终将被惩罚。(whoever引导的从句作主语)1)人称代词:表示“我,你,他,我们,你们,他们等”的词叫做人称代词。人 称代词有人称,数和格之分。2)人称代词可用作主语,表语,宾语以及介词。I am a worker,! work in the factory.我是一个工人,我在工厂工作。You are a good teacher.你是一位优秀教师。She is a little girl.她是一个小女孩。lt*s a heavy box,I cant
45、carry it.这是一个重盒子,我搬不动。Its me. Open the door quickly.是我,快开门。人称代词中几个注意的情况:第一人称单数代词“I (我)”不论在什么地方都要大 写。I study English every day. 我天天学习英语。“we“常常代替“ I ”表示一种同读者,听众或观众之间的亲密关系。We shall do our best to help the poor. 我们将尽全力帮助贫困者。“she ”常常代替国家,城市,宠物等,表示一种亲密或爱抚的感情。I live in China。She is a great country.我住在中国.她是
46、一个伟大的国家。n it有时也可指人。 Its me. Open the door,please.是我,请开门。they H有时代替一般人.They say you are good at computer.他们说你精通计算 机。2)物主代词:表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词。物主代词可分为形容词性物主代 词和名词性物主代词两种。列表如下。我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他们的形容词性物主代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性物 主代词mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs形容词性物主代词可用作定语例如:I love my country.
47、我热爱我的国家。Is this your car? 这是你的汽车吗?Someone is looking for you,his name is Tom. 有人找你,他的名字是汤姆。 名词性的物主代词可用作主语,宾语,表语以及与“of”连接的定语。Li Huas bike is red,and yours is green.李华的自行车是红色的,而你的是绿色的。That car is mine,not yours.那辆汽车是我的,不是你的。These books are ours.这些书是我们的。Whose bag is it? Ifs hers.这是谁的书包?是她的。Yesterday I met a friend of mine in the street.昨天我在街上碰见了我的一位朋友。反身代词: 表示我自己,你自己,他自己,我们自己,你们自己,他们自己等 的词叫做反身代词。反身代词第一,二人称构成是由形容词性物主代词加(复 数加-selves )构成。第三人称反身代词是由人称代词宾格形式加-self (复数加-selves )构成。第一人第二人第三人第三人第三人称称称称称单数myselfyoursfhimselfherselfitself复数ourselvyourselthemselthe
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