备战2023年高考英语重难题型高分攻略08 阅读文体之说明文（教师版）.docx

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1、备横2023高考阅读文体之说明文内容板块一题型解析板块二高考真题感悟板块三模考题练手板块四课后习题训练一：题型解析总体解题技巧概述：专题1:事实类说明文它是对事物；现象；概念的科普介绍说明对象：熟悉的范围里不同寻常的内容；题目以细节题为主；重点考查说明方法说明方法：下定义；讲特点；比较；分类；发展变化正确选项与说明对象密切相关没有明显转折；看段首段尾有转折；递进；实际上；因果；看转折递进因果之后内容专题2:新事物类说明文介绍新事物既有优势也有劣势作者态度一般是支持鼓励新事物不能一下子完全取代旧事物；两者长期共存新事物文章关键词标志： new； recent； up-to-date； in th

2、e future； novelty； invention； innovation； creative； traditional； conventional； old； old fashioned；专题3:研究类说明文它是陈述某次研究的过程与结论；并提供相对应的指导意见我们应该关注文章开头；结尾；主题；态度研究类说明文关键词：the study； research shows/suggest/foundo o。According to the study； researchA new study has found.sidewalk deliveries in California. Udelv

3、, a Californian firm, is developing a larger type called Transporter to operate at highway speeds4然而，人行道机器人正在继续这项工作。例如，总部位于旧金山的Starship Technologies估计，在欧洲和美国的一些城市、大学和商业园区，该公司已经用机器人完成了超过250万 次送货。亚马逊正在使用类似的机器进行试验。哥伦比亚初创公司Kiwibot正在加州的人行道上提供外卖 服务。加州公司Udelv正在开发一种更大的名为Transporter的机器，以高速公路的速度运行）”可推知， 作者在第三

4、段中给出了一些例子是为了介绍人行道机器人的发展。故选Bo6 .细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中Their progress can be monitored on a phone app, which also unlocks them for goods to be removed.（它们的进程可以在一款手机应用程序上监控，该应用程序还可以解 锁它们，以便将商品移除）”可知，人行道机器人使人们很容易跟踪送货过程。故选D。7 .推理判断题。根据第一段“Although it is a business not many are aware of, sidewalk robots are set t

5、o become an industry with annual sales of $1 billion within a decade. These four-or six-wheeled autonomous machines, usually the size of a suitcase, are already delivering groceries in America, China and Europe, which puts them ahead of many driverless cars and lorries being developed4虽然很多人都不知道这个行 业

6、，但在十年内，人行道机器人将成为一个年销售额达到10亿美元的行业。这些四到六个轮子的自动机 器，通常只有行李箱大小，已经在美国、中国和欧洲运送食品杂货，这使它们领先于许多正在研发的无人 驾驶汽车和卡车），结合文章还介绍了大型无人驾驶汽车面临的挑战以及人行道机器人的发展推知，文章可 能选自杂志的“科学与技术”版面。故选C。Passage CAlmost all calligraphy（竹法）lovers agree that writing characters with a brush and ink on straw paper offers a way to communicate wit

7、h not only history and culture, but also oneself. But now Chinese character handwriting is under threat from computers and mobile phones.A college graduate looking for a job was reportedly turned down by a company because he wrote 24 characters incorrectly in a 400-character handwritten resume. A su

8、rvey by HorizonKey, covering people from 12 major cities in China, found that nearly one third of those interviewed often experience character amnesia（遗忘）“，with 94 percent saying this is a problem for them.The main reason is that most Chinese rely too much on the pinyin-based Chinese language input

9、method, which is replacing the tradition of writing characters stroke（笔画）by stroke. The software will conveniently choose the right characters according to the context or word frequency, as there are dozens of characters with the same pronunciation in Chinese.Education is another problem. In college

10、, most homework and papers are printed out, instead of handwritten. And few teachers use chalk and blackboards, with Microsoffs PowerPoint the most-often used software to teach knowledge to students.The number of electronic devices in the classroom is thought to be another reason why students are ea

11、sily satisfied with just a poor knowledge of the Chinese language and characters. It is quicker to look up a character in an electronic dictionary, but traditional printed dictionaries offer more detailed information on the usage and meaning of the characters. Students pay more attention to remember

12、ing a characters pronunciation, but not the other knowledge related to it, which e-dictionaries rarely provide.Another worry is the pollution of Chinese characters by Internet language. Young people regard using Internet language as cool and fashionable. After they learn to use these expressions, th

13、ey automatically include them in their writing.28.With the example of a college graduate, the author shows .A.that practicing can improve writingB.why certain people are poor writersC.that there are differences in students9 writingD.why Chinese character handwriting is in great danger29.By saying .t

14、hose interviewed often experience character amnesia”, the writer means those interviewed*A.are not good at handwritingB.cant write characters accuratelyC.show no interest in handwritingD.find jobs much more difficultly30 .What phenomenon is described in Paragraph 5?A.Dependence on electronic devices

15、.B.Advantages of electronic dictionaries.C.Mastery of knowledge of the characters.D.Disadvantages of published dictionaries.31 .Whafs the writers attitude towards the Internet language?A.Favorable. B.Uncaring.C.Disapproving.D.Friendly.解析：随着电脑上的汉语输入法、办公软件以及电子产品的影响，人们手写汉字的能力在减弱。28. D考查推理判断。根据第一段最后一句可知

16、，汉字书写面临电脑和手机的威胁，而第二段紧接着 讲述了一名大学毕业生求职时被一家公司拒绝，因为他在一份400字的手写简历中写错了 24个字；接下 来的几段说明了汉字书写面临威胁的原因。由此可推知，作者用这个例子是为了阐释汉字书写处在威胁之 中的原因。故选D。29. B考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“character amnesia（遗忘）”“problem”及所举一个大学毕业生书 写多个错误汉字的例子可推知，作者在此表达受访者的汉字书写存在问题。故选B。30. A 考查细节理解。根据第五段中的“The number of electronic devices in the classroom

17、is thought to be another reason.to look up a character in an electronic dictionary”可知，该段描述的是学生对电子产品 过于依赖的现象。故选A。31. C考查推理判断。根据第六段的内容，尤其是第一句中的“pollution”可推知，作者对网络语言的 使用持不赞成的态度。故选C。Passage DOver the last ten years, our lives have dramatically changed as a result of new technologies. For many of us, th

18、e ways we live and do business have changed forever.The appearance of these new technologies has produced a new division of the global workforce, allowing people to work from the comforts of home or while traveling and exploring the globe. These new found freedoms and flexibility have transformed th

19、e way we look at our lifestyles. Today, heading to the office may mean remaining at home, sitting in a favorite coffee shop, a hotel lobby（大厅）or on a lounge chair by the beach. The ability for many people to work is virtually at our fingertips.What does this mean for the future of our lifestyles and

20、 business? It means the lines will continue to cross between home life, work, family and social experiences. The task of balancing our lifestyle and daily activities will become essential. New tools will continue to help people manage busy plans, and assist in performance and business management.Thi

21、s increase in technology will create an enhanced need for person-to-person connectivity. We are already seeing a rise in social activities to substitute the experiences of meeting people “ at work ” and having regular face-to-face engagement. Finding a healthy social balance will be key to enjoying

22、the freedom and flexibility of working on the Internet.In addition to the growing number of people in the remote workforce, educational programs and home schooling platforms are seeing similar growth. Together these two elements are redefining the conventional family. When living nearby work or scho

23、ol are no longer household factors, the doors to the world are open wide. These are major shifts in our lifestyle definitions and they will directly impact how we exist and interact in the world in our future lifestyles.12. What does the author think of the effects of new technologies on our work?A.

24、 They allow flexible work options.B. They change our attitudes to work.C. They affect our choices of career.D. They provide more secure jobs.13. What can we infer about our work in the future?A. The workplace will become fixed.B. The division between life and work will disappear.C. More of our work

25、will be computer-based.D. More face-to-face communication will be needed in the workplace.14. Why are living nearby work or school no longer household factors?A The growth of remote work and online education.B. The preference of people for different lifestyles.C. The ways of people interacting with

26、each other.D. The new standard of the definition of family.15. What is the best title for the text?A. The Advantage of Working from HomeB. The Future Changes of LifestyleC. The New Ways of CommunicationD. The New Trend in Future Education 解析：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了新技术的出现对于未来生活方式的影响。12 .细节理解题。根据第二段第一句The appe

27、arance of these new technologies has produced a newdivision of the global workforce, allowing people to work from the comforts of home or while traveling and exploring the globe.（这些新科技的出现产生了全球劳动力的新分工，使人们可以在舒适的家中工作，或 在旅行和探索地球时工作。）”可知，作者认为新科技的出现，让人们有了灵活的工作选择，故选A项。13 .推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句Finding a healthy s

28、ocial balance will be key to enjoying the freedom and flexibility of working on the Internet.（找到一个健康的社交平衡将是享受互联网工作的自由 和灵活性的关键）”可推知，我们未来的工作，更多的是要在电脑上完成，故选C项。14 .推理判断题。根据最后一段中In addition to the growing number of people in the remote workforce, educational programs and home schooling platforms are seei

29、ng similar growth. Together these two elements are redefining the conventional family.（除了越来越多的远程工作外，教育节目和家庭教育平台 也出现了类似的增长。这两个要素共同重新定义了传统家庭。）”可知，远程工作和在线教育让传统家庭发 生了改变，居住在工作地点和学校附近不再是重要因素，故选A项。15 .主旨大意题。结合全文及最后一段的最后一句“These are major shifts in our lifestyle definitions and they will directly impact how

30、 we exist and interact in the world in our future lifestyles.（这些是我们生活方 式定义的重大转变，它们将直接影响我们在未来生活方式中如何在世界上生存和互动。）”可知，本文主要 论述的是科技对于未来生活方式的影响，故选B项。Passage ESony has a new device for anyone whos ever wished they could carry their air conditioner on hot summer days.Called Reon Pocket, the small, lightweigh

31、t gadget slides into the upper back pocket of a specially designed T-shirt. Controlled with a smart phone app, ifs capable of heating or cooling the wearer via the Peltier effect, a thermodynamic principle widely used in refrigeration.The Reon Pocket comes out of Sonys startup acceleration program,

32、and Sony is currently crowdfunding （众 筹）the device. Supporters can choose from a few different packages, if they want multiple T-shirts for instance, but a basic one including the device and one shirt costs 14, 080. Theres a catch, though: Sony only has plans to release the Reon Pocket in Japan at p

33、resent.According to a spokesperson, the target audience is mostly businessmen who have to wear a suit in the summer, though the company says it will judge its wider relevance based on the crowdfunding results. Right now, though, the T-shirts available come in mens sizes, small, medium, or large.The

34、device is not really for all-day use so much as moving between air-conditioned or heated areas, such as during the commute to work. The battery takes around two hours to charge and lasts about 90 minutes.With the Reon Pocket, Sony joins the ranks of those working on temperature-regulating clothing.

35、On the more tech-forward end are examples such as French label Courreges, which debuted coats with built-in heaters a few years ago, and the US Army, which is experimenting with conductive fabrics that can generate heat in extreme cold. More commonplace examples include Uniqlo, which has been succes

36、sful with its Heattech and Airism underlayers, and a number of brands making shirts meant to offer the comfort and sweat-wicking properties of athletic wear.In a blog post from Sonys startup accelerator, Yoichi Ito, a project leader on Reon Pocket, said people have become increasingly focused on fun

37、ctionality and comfort in their clothing. In 2017, his team started thinking of ways they could blend technology with fashion to reach those goals. Reon Pocket was the result.Japanese buyers looking to battle the record heat this summer will have to wait, though. If the crowdfunding is successful, d

38、eliveries of the device are scheduled to begin in March 2020.8. What is necessary to make it possible for Reon Pocket to work?A. Wearers5 using the Peltier effect.B. A T-shirt and a special smartphone.C. A hot summer day and a special pocket.D. A special T-shirt and a smartphone app.9. What does the

39、 underlined word “catch“ in Paragraph 3 refer to?A. Benefit.B. Popularity.C. Disadvantage.D. Capture.10. Why does the author say that Reon Pocket is not suitable for all-day use?A. The device battery is not efficient enough.B. The T-shirt for the gadget is too expensive.C. Crowdfunding is not decide

40、d at the moment.D. The T-shirt is not available for both men and women.11. What can we learn from the last three paragraphs?A. Functionality and comfort in clothing are increasingly appealing.B. Reon Pocket will come into the market in March 2020 at all events.C. Sony is the first company to invent

41、the temperature-regulating clothing.D. The comfort and sweat-wicking properties of athletic wear helps athletes to win. 解析：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了索尼推出的一款新设备Reon Pocket0E. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Called Reon Pocket, the small, lightweight gadget slides into the upper back pocket of a specially designed T-shirt. Control

42、led with a smart phone app, its capable of heating or cooling the wearer via the Peltier effect”（这款名为Reon Pocket的小而轻的装置可以放进一件特别设计的 T恤的后上口袋里。通过智能手机应用程序控制，它能够通过佩尔蒂埃效应为佩戴者加热或冷却）可知为 了让Reon Pocket能够工作，一件特殊的T恤和一个智能手机应用程序是必要的。故选D。F. 词句猜测题。根据第三段后句“though: Sony only has plans to release the Reon Pocket in Ja

43、pan at present”（不过，索尼目前只计划在日本推出Reon Pocket）可知这是Reon Pocket的一个缺点。划线处和 C项：Disadvantage （不利条件，劣势）含义相近。故选C。G. .细节理解题。根据文章倒数第四段“The device is not really for all-day use so much as moving between air-conditioned or heated areas, such as during the commute to work. The battery takes around two hours to cha

44、rge and lasts about 90 minutes/9 （这款设备并不适合全天使用，而是适合在有空调或暖气 的区域之间移动，比如在上班通勤途中。电池充电大约需要两小时，可持续约90分钟）可知Reon Pocket 不适合全天使用，因为设备电池效率不够。故选A。U.推理判断题。根据文章倒数第三段“and a number of brands making shirts meant to offer the comfort and sweat-wicking properties of athletic wear”（还有一些品牌生产的衬衫旨在提供运动服的舒适 和排汗性能）以及文章倒数第二

45、段people have become increasingly focused on functionality and comfort in their clothing”（人们越来越注重衣服的功能性和舒适度）可知服装的功能性和舒适性越来越有吸引力。故选A。Passage FThere is a widespread belief among sleep researchers that many people, especially young adults, regularly obtain skimpy sleep due to work, school, and social ac

46、tivities. The move toward remote work and school has provided a novel opportunity to test this belief.A new research compared self-reported data on sleep habits from 80 students enrolled in a 2020 summer session course with data collected from 450 students enrolled in the same course during previous

47、 summer semesters and suggests that students learning remotely went to bed an average of 30 minutes later than pre-pandemic （疫情前）students. They slept less efficiently, less at night and more during the day, but did not sleep more overall despite the time saved commuting （通勤），working or attending soc

48、ial events. Actually, they have no early classes and 44 percent fewer work days compared to students in previous semesters.One very consistent finding is a collective delay of sleep timingpeople go to bed and wake up later. Not surprisingly, there is also a marked reduction in natural light exposure, especially early in the day. The lack of change in sleep time was a bit of a surprise, as it goes against the assumption that young adults would sleep more if they had the time.Self-described night owls （夜猫子）were more likely to report a greater positive effect on their sleep, getting to