2022年GRE考试真题卷八1测.docx

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1、2022年GRE考试真题卷（本卷共分为1大题50小题,作答时间为!80分钟,总分100分,60分及格。）单位:姓名:考号:题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分、单项选择题（共50题,每题2分。每题的备选项中,只有一个最符合题意）1. BSet 2 Geo Iogy plate Tectonics /BWhy does the professor talk about Tuzo WiIsonA. Wilson developed a warning system for earthquakes.B. Wilson wrote an article that contradicted sci

2、entific law.C. Wilson first proposed the theory of plate tectonics.D. Wilson discovered sea floor spreading in the North Atlantic.2.READING SECTION DIRECTIONSThe Reading section measures your ability to read and understand passages in English. You wi11 read five passages and answer questions about t

3、hem. Answer al I questions based on what is stated or implied in the passages.Most questions are worth one point. The last question in each set is worth more than one point. For this question, the d i rect ions will i nd i cate how many points you can receive.Some passages have one or more words in

4、bold type. For these bolded words, you wi I I see a definition in a glossary at the end of the passage.AI I ow 20 minutes to read each passage and answer the questions about it. You may now begin the first passage.BHSet 1(/BNORTH AMERICAN GRASSLANDS1 In North America, native grasslands occur primari

5、ly in the Great Plains in the middle of the continent. The North American prairie biome is one of the most extensive grasslands in the world, extending from the edge of the Rocky Mountains in the west to the deciduous forest in the east, and from northern Mexico in the south to Canada in the north.

6、Average annual rainfalI ranges from about 40 cm (16 inches) in the west to 80 cm (31 inches) in the east. Average annual temperatures range between 10 degrees and 20 degrees Celsius (50 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit). In the moist regions of the North American grasslands, especially in the northern Great

7、 Plains, rai nfa 11 is d i st i net I y seasona lt and temperatures can vary widely from very hot in summer to bitter cold in winter.2 One hundred years ago, the Great Plains grasslands were one vast, unbroken prai r ie. Much of the prai r ie is now farmland, the most productive agr icultural region

8、 in the world, dominated by monocultures1/B of cereal grains. Wheat, barley, soybeans, corn, and sunflowers occupy the land that was once prairie. In areas given over to grazing lands for cattIe and sheep, virtually al I the major native grasses have been rep laced by Ua Ii en/U speci es.3 An import

9、ant feature of the northern Great Plains grasslands is the presence of mi I I ions of g I ac i a I depressions that are now smal I ponds known as prairie potholes. They were formed during the most recent Ice Age, when streams fI owed in tunnels beneath glacial Iy formed sandy ridges. When the Ice Ag

10、e ended around 12, 000 years ago, the retreating glacierscreated about 25 million depressions across a 300,000-square-miIe landscape-about 83 potholes per square mi Ie. As the ice blocks melted, much of the water was left behind, forming wetlands ranging in size from a tenth of an acre to several ac

11、res. The wet I ands were soon surrounded by fluttering waves of grasses: shortgrass, mixed grass, and ta 11 grass. 4U Today these smal I wet I ands still cover the prairies, althoughmuch of the landscape- including both native grasses and potholes- has been transformed to cropland and grassland for

12、grazing. /U What does remain of the wetlands, however, still serves as an important breeding area for more than 300 bird species, including large numbers of migrating shorebi rds and waterfowl. The potholes fill up with water dur ing spring rains and usually dry out by late summer. Every spring, bi

13、rds arrive in great numbers-northern pintai Is, ma I lards, coots, and pied-bi I Ied grebes-4 to 6 million strong, to mate in the seasonaI wetlands that dot portions of Minnesota, Iowa, North and South Dakota, Montana, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Prairie pothole country produces half of Nor

14、th America9 s 35 to 40 mi I I ion ducks and is renowned worldwide as a 11 Uduck factory/U. n5 Recent ly biologists have di scovered that the prai r ie pothoIe region is potent i a I I y a vast carbon sink: a natural sponge that absorbs carbon dioxide emissions from cars, factories, and power plants.

15、 Carbon dioxide is the most common of al I the pol lutants acting as greenhouse gases that heat up the atmosphere. Fortunately, however, carbon dioxide is captured natural ly and stored in trees, soil, and plants. Sc i ent i sts have termed Uthis/U Hcarbon sequestration. M They have determined that

16、prairie pothoIes hold an average of 2. 5 tons of carbon per acre per year when not being farmed. This means that if the enti re pothoIe region in the United States and Canada were to stop being farmed, the region would store about 400 million tons of carbon over 10 years-the equivalent of taking alm

17、ost 4 mi I I ion cars off the road. Thus, preserving the potholes could be a way to Uoffset/U greenhouse gas emissions that are warming the planet.Glossary:biome: one of the world s major natural communities, classified by predominant vegetationmonoculture: cultivation of large land areas with a sin

18、gle plant variety POLITICAL SYSTEMS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY1 Monarchy is a form of government in which authority is held by a single person, a monarch, whose r ight to rule is generally hereditary and I ifeIong. At the start of the twentieth century, monarchs ruled over most of the world, but by th

19、e middle of the century, only a handfuI rema i ned. A ser i es of revo I ut i ons i n the preced i ng centur i es had weakened the European monarchies, and while monarchs rema i ned symbo I s of nat i ona I unity, real power had passed to constitutional assembIies. Monarchy survived as a form in Eur

20、ope only where the king or queen functioned as the symboI ic head of a par I iamentary state, as in Br itain, the Low Countries, and Scandinavia. It lasted longer in the few smal I states of Asia and Afr ica that had never come under di rect colonial rule. By the 1960s, autocratic monarchy had becom

21、e an outdated form of government. Throughout most of the world, peopIe were considered citizens, not subJects, and the totality of the peopIe were seen as constituting the state.2 In most states where monarchical authority was removed, some form of I iberal democracy took its place. A I iberal democ

22、racy is a state where poIi t i caI authority rests in the peopIe act i ng through eIected representat i ves and where an e I ected execut i ve i s respons i b I e to the will of the peopIe as a whole. UThe term/U applies to a broad group of states with a par Iiamentary or representative political tr

23、adition.LiberaI democracies differ from the communist states known as U peopIe s democracies/U, in which the Communist party holds the u11imate author ity. Genera Ilyt IiberaI democracies fol low the par Iiamentary (Ulpattern/U, with the execut i ve power vested in a cabinet responsible to the par I

24、iament and drawn from the majority party or combination of parties. In the United States, an independentIy eIected executive, the president, functions separately from the legislative authority, the congress.3 The doctrine that al I of the peopIe had effective authority, or sovereignty, became the ba

25、sis for the functioning of democratic states. Th i s doctr i ne of popu I ar sovere i gnty became al (-inclusive as ci ti zensh i p rights were extended to classes formerly excIuded and to women. The Iiberal democratic state claimed the right to control every aspect of human I ife according to the w

26、i I I of the people, except where I imits on state control were directly stated in a bill of rights in a democratic constitution and recognized in practice.4 Al I democratic states, both par I i amentary and pres i dent i a I v changed in form dur ing the twent ieth century. To meet the needs of an

27、urban industrial society, states generally enlarged their scope of activity to control economic power and to provide common services to the people. The expansion of state activity and extension of state services invoIved a new view of legislation and its role in society. The passing of laws came to

28、be seen as a way to promote the we I I being of the people. With this new concept of legislation, the number of new laws increased immensely, part i cu I ar I y in the areas of soc i a I we I fare, education, health and safety, and economic development.5 The trend toward I iberal democracy continued

29、 throughout the century, but at various times there was also a tendency toward a revival of author itar ian rule. In a number of states, democratic governments could not cope with the crises of the time. U In these cases, some form of totalitar ian dictatorship emerged, replacing popular sovereignty

30、 with the total power of the state. /U In some instances, monarchy gave way di rectly to dictatorship. In others, d i ctator i a I regimes took over democratical ly organized states, notab I y in Eastern Europe in the years between the two world wars, in new states of Asia and Africa in the 1950s, a

31、nd sporadically in Central and South America.6 Authoritarian governments showed three principle character i sties. Fi rst, there was a head of state or leader with except ionaI powers, with a party to support him. Second, the legislative body was eIected by a system that prohibited parties opposed t

32、o the regime, and thi rd, there was a bureaucratic administration that was in no way subject to popular control. The most extreme position on these points was taken by Hitler1 s totalitar ian Nat i onaI Soc i a Ii st State in the 1930s.Glossary:autocratic: characterized by uniimited powerautocrat i

33、c: characterized by comp lete obedi ence to author i ty, I ack i ng individual freedomThe word Usurvived/U in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to A. remainedB. developedC. changedD. returned4. BSetTHE DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS1 The domestication of wi Id species led directly to denser human popuI at

34、 i ons by yielding more food than the hunter-gatherer Ii festyIe could provide. In societies that possessed domestic animals, Iivestock he I ped to feed more peop I e by providing meat, mi lkt and fert i I izer, and by pulling plows. Large domestic animals became the societies1 main source of animal

35、 protein, replacing wi Id game, and they also Ufurnished/U woolt leather, and land transport. Humans have domesticated only a few species of large animals, with Mlarge defined as those weighing over 100 pounds (45 ki lograms). Fourteen such species were domesticated before the twentieth century, al

36、I of them terrestrial mamma I s and herb i vores. The f i ve most i mportant of these are sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and cattIe or oxen.2 Smal I animals such as ducks, geese, rabbits, dogs, cats, mink, bees, and si Ikworms have also been domesticated. Many of these smalI animals provided food, cIot

37、hing, or warmth. However, none of them pul led plows or wagons, none carried riders, and none except dogs pul led sleds. Furthermore, no smalI domestic animals have been as important for food as have large domestic animals.3 Early herding societies quickly domesticated al I large mammal species that

38、 were suitable for domestication. There is archaeological evidence that these species were domesticated between 10, 000 and 4, 500 years ago, within the first few thousand years of the origins of farming-herding societies after the last Ice Age. The continent of Eurasia has been the primary site of

39、large mammal domestication. Having the most species of wiId mamma Is to begin with, and losing the fewest to extinetion in the last 40, 000 years, Eurasia has generated the most candidates for domestication.4 Domestication involves transforming wiId animals into something more useful to humans. Trul

40、y domesticated animals differ in many ways from thei r wi Id ancestors. These differences result from two processes: human seIection of individuaI animals that are more usefuI to humans than other individuals of the same species, and evolutionary responses of animals to the forces of natural seIect

41、i on operating in human environments rather than in wild envi ronments.5 To be domesticated, a wi Id species must possess several characteristics. UA candidate for domestication must be primarily a herbivore because it takes less plant biomass to feed a plant eater than it does to feed a carnivore t

42、hat consumes plant eaters/U. No carnivorous mamma I has ever been domest i cated for food simply because it would be too costly. A candidate must not only weigh an average of over 100 pounds but a I so grow quick I y. That e I imi nates U gor i 11 as and elephants(/U, even though they are herbivores

43、. Moreover, candidates for domestication must be able to breed successfully in captivity.6 Since almost any sufficiently large mammal species is capable of killing a human, certain qua I ities Udisquali fy /U a wiId animal for domestication. The animal cannot have a disposition that is nasty, danger

44、ous, or unpredictable - characteristics that eliminate bears, Afr ican buffaloes, and some species of wiId horses. The animal cannot be so nervous that it Upanics/U around humans. Large herbivorous mammal species react to danger from predators or humans in different ways. Some species are nervous, f

45、ast, and programmed for instant fIight when they perceive danger. Others are less nervous, seek protection in herds, and do not run untiI necessary. Most species of deer and ante I ope are of the former type, while sheep and goats are of the latter.7 AI most al I domest i cated large mamma Is are sp

46、ecies whose wi Id ancestors share three soc i a I characteristics: living in a herd, maintaining a dominance hierarchy in the herd, and having herds that occupy over I app i ng home ranges i nstead of mutua I I y exc lusi ve terri tor i es. Humans have taken advantage of these characteristics in kee

47、ping domestic animals together with others of thei r species and in close proximity to other species of domestic animals.Glossary:terrestrial: Iiving on land rather than in waterherbivores: animals that feed mainly on plantsAccording to the passage, what benefit of large domestic animals is not also

48、 provided by smalI animals8 . A source of food9 . A source of clothing10 The ability to pull a plow11 The ability to be ridden5. BSet 3/B THE SENSE OF SMELL1 Smel I is the most di rect of al I the senses. It is thought to be the oldest sense in terms of human evolution, which may explain why smelI is Uhard-wi red/U into the brain. The olfactory nerve, which manages the perception of smeI Is, is essential ly an extension of the brain. The olfactory nerve provides a direct I ink from receptors at the top of the nose to the portion of the brain that controls memory, emotion, an