初中英语语法之形容词比较级.docx

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1、初中英语语法之形容词比较级清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：清华大学英语教授研究组提供初中英语时态总结动词的时态英语共有16种时态，根据近几年曝光的四、六级考卷分析，时态测试重点主要有：完 成时态 现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时；进行时态 现在进行时、过去进行 时、将来进行时、完成进行时；一般时态。一、一般时态1、一般现在时1. ) 一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状 态， 常和副词 usually, often, always sometimes, regularly, near, occasionally, every year,

2、 every week 等连用。例如：1)The moon moves round the earth.2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.在由 after, until, before, once, when, even if, in case, as long as, as soon as, the moment以及if, unless等弓|导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用 一般现在时代替将来时。例如：1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.2)I will not go

3、to countryside if it rains tomorrow.(3)某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，这 类动词有：be, go, come, start, depart, arrive, begin, leave 等。例如：1)The plane leaves at three sharp.2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow.(4)在由why, what, where, whoever, who, that, as等引导的从句中，也常用一般现 在时代替将来时。例如：1)Free tickets will be g

4、iven to whoever comes first.2)You 11 probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：清华大学英语教授研究组提供2. 一般过去时(1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的 词、短语或从句连用。例如：We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.(2)表示过去习惯性动作。例如：l)He always went to class last.2

5、)I used to do my homework in the library.(注意与be used to doing短语的区别)3. 一般将来时D表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如：I shall graduate next year.2)几种替代形式：Dbe going to +v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如：I m going to buy a house when we ve saved enough money.2)be to +v表示计划安排要做的事，具有“必要”的强制性意义。例如：I am to play tennis this afternoo

6、n.3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如：He was about to start.4)be due to +v表示预先确定了的事，必定发生的事。例如：The train is due to depart in ten minutes.5）be on the point/verge of +v - ing强调即将发生的某种事态。例如：The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：清华大学英语教授研究组提供二、进行时态1 .现在

7、进行时（1）表示现在正在进行的动作，常与now, right now, at themother, for the time being, for the present 等连用。例如：Don t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.（2）表示现阶段经常发生的动作，常与always, continually, forever, constantly等 连用。例如：My father is forever criticizing me.（3）表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性 动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转

8、移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return 等。 例如：They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.（4）有些动词不能用进行时，这是一类表示“感觉，感情，存在，从理”等的动词。 如：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, look, appear,（表示感觉的词）； hate, love, fear, like, want, wish, prefer, refuse, forgive（表示感情的动词）； be, exist, remain,

9、stay, obtain（表示存在状态的动词）；have, possess, own, contain, belong, consist of, form（表示占有与从属的动词）;understand, know, believe, think, doubt, forget, remember（表示思考理解的动词）。但是如果它们词义 改变，便也可用进行时态。例如：l）Tom looks pale. What s wrong with him?（look在此为联系动词，意为“显得，看上去”）2）Tom is looking for his books.（look在此为实义动词，意为“寻找”）2

10、.过去进行时过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示 过去反复的习惯，常与always, continually, constantly等动词连用。例如:1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.3 .将来进行时将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时刻开始，并 继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。例如：1)This time

11、next day they will be sitting in the cinema.2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?4.完成进行时(现在、过去、将来)完成进行时是(现在、过去、将来)完成时的强调形式，将放在完成 时态部分讲述。三、完成时态完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为：L现在完成时(1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作(常与yet, already, just连用)，或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况(常与for, since连用)。例 如：1)I have just finishe

12、d my homework.2)Mary has been ill for three days.(2)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语； 副词 already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently 等； 状语词 组 this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如：1)1 haven, t been there for five year

13、s.2)So far, she hasn, t enjoyed the summer vacation.3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.(3)完成时态可用在下列结构中：This (That, It) is (was) the first (second*) time + 定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n + 定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) + 形容词最高级 + n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成 时；

14、如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如：(l)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.(2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.2.过去完成时(1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by, before等介 词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前

15、已经完成。 例如：1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.动词 expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire 等用过 去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn* t able to get away.另外两种

16、表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是：1) was / were + to have done sth,例如：We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn, t.2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如：I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.(3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：1)hardly, scarcely,

17、 barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如:Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如：No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.3)by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：The experiment had been finished by 4 o clock yesterday afternoon.3 .将来完成时将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另

18、一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动 作；也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) +表示将来时间的词语或 句子；when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如：1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o clock.3)When we get on the railway s

19、tation, the train will probably have left.4 .完成进行时完成进行时是完成时的强调形式，有现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行 时。(1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven * t found it.(2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：It had been raining cats and dogs for o

20、ver a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.(3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如：By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：清华大学英语教授研究组提供四：时态一致时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容。通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓 语时态。一般原则是：1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时，从句的谓语根据具体情

21、况使用任何时态He says that he lives in Wuhan.We hope that there will be many people at your party today.Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?n Yes, but I don* t know who bought it. nuThere* s a lot of excitement on the street. nuThere certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?n2、当主

22、句谓语使用过去时的时候，从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态He said he was writing a novel.The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.He said his father had been an engineer.3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时，从句的谓语应使用一般现在时。例如：The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.注：

23、在此种情况下，即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态，从句谓语也应用一般现在 时。4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时，还应注意，若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要 求、建议、劝告等的动词，从句谓语只能用虚拟语气，不能遵循时态一致原则。例如：We insisted that we do it ourselves.动词的语态语态也是动词的 种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语 是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。1)We use electricity to run machines.(主动语态)2)Electricity is used

24、 to run machines.(被动语态)1 .不能用于被动语态的动词和短语(1)在英语中，不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起 误用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist ofo(2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态。2 .被动语态的时态形式常用的被动语态有表1所

25、列的几种时态形式。表1时?SPAN lang=EN-US 一般时进行时完成时现在 am asked am being askedis asked is being askedare asked are being asked过去was be asked was being askedwere be asked were being asked将来 shall be asked shall have been askedwill be asked will have been asked过去 should be asked should have been asked将来 would be as

26、ked would have been asked3 .短语动词的被动语态短语动词转换为被动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省 略。例如：l）So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.2）All the rubbish should be got rid of.4 . get + -ed分词”的被动语态“get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的，出乎 意料的偶然事件。例如：The boy got hurt on his way home from work.另外，“get + -ed分词”

27、还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行 为。例如：get dressed （穿衣服）get divorced（离婚）get engaged （订婚）get confused （迷惑不解）get lost （迷路）get washed（洗脸）get married （结婚）5.能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态（1）能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时，一次只能由一个宾语作主语，另一个宾语被 保留下来。例如：1）We showed the visitors our new products.（主动语态）2）The visitors were shown our new produ

28、cts.（被动语态）3）Our new products were shown to the visitors.（被动语态）（2）能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例如：1） The teacher appointed him League secretary.（主动语态）2）He was appointed League secretacr.（被动语态）6.被动语态与系表结构的区别（l）The novel was well written.（系表结构）（2）The novel was written by Diskens.（被动语态）7.少数动词的主动语态有时

29、有被动的意思例 1： The book is selling remarkably well.例 2： The song sounds very beautiful.能这样用的动词还有read （读起来），clean（擦起来），wash（洗起来），write（写起来）。例 3： My watch needs cleaning. （= My watch needs to be cleaned）.能像 need 这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind 等。例 4： The meat is cooking.例 5： The book writte

30、n by the professor is printing. 清华大学英语系测试: 为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：清华大学英语教授研究组提供初中英语语法之形容词比较级清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：qinghua. yeryy/清华大学英语教授研究组提供哈佛大学英语系研究，美国布什推荐。专为中小学生英语量身定做。官方网站：hafo. yeryy/哈佛大学英语教授研究组提供初中英语语法之形容词比较级和最高级2009-05-29 19:21形容词比较级（一）一般句式的构成：A + is / are+形容词比较级+ than + BA是主格B是宾格如： She is ta

31、ller than me.主格形容词比较级宾格（二）英语形容词比较级的构成英语形容词比较等级有三个：原级，比较级和最高级。形容词比较等级形式变化有规则的和不规则的两种。规则变化1）单音节词末尾加-er （比较级），-est （最高级）【例】原级比较级最高级great greater greatestsmall smaller smallestclean cleaner cleanest2）单音节如以e结尾，只加-r （比较级），-st （最高级）【例】fine finer finestwidewide wider widest3）闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，须先双写这个辅音字母，再加

32、-er （比较 级），-est （最高级）【例】big bigger biggesthot hotter hottestred redder reddest4）少数以-y, -er, ow, -ble结尾的双音节词，末尾加-er （比较级），-est （最高 级）。以-y结尾的词，如-y前是辅音字母，则变y为-i,再加-er和-est。以-e结尾的 词只加-r和-st。【例】 clever cleverer cleverestnarrow narrower narrowestable abler ablesteasy easier easiest5）其它双音节和多音节词皆在前面加单词more和

33、most。【例】 careful more careful most carefuldifficult more difficult most difficultdelicious more delicious most delicious不规则变化原级比较级最高级good/well better bestbad worse worstmany/much more mostlittle less leastfar farther/further farthest/furthest注：有些形容词一般没有比较等级。如：right, wrong, woolen等。形容词的比较等级的用法：比较级用于二

34、者的比较。【例】Li Ping is older than Wang Hai.李平比王海年纪大。There are more students in Class One than in Class Two. 一班比二班学生多。二、形容词各等级的用法：1、原级(同级)比较：asas；not as(so)asWe 11 give you as much help as we can.She isn t as(so)active in sports as before.2.比较级：表示两者之间比 更可用状语much, a little, even等修饰：Hemade fewer mistakes t

35、han I did. He is even richer than I.3、高级：形容词最高级前必须加the,副词最高级前常省略the,后面多用of,in短语表示范围：It was the most/least interesting story 1 have ever listened. He is the tallest of the three.4、如果在两者之间表示“最”时要在比较级前加the,而且还用of the two, ofthe pair 短语：John is the clever of the two boys.Of the two boys, John is the cle

36、ver.三、重点与难点:1、asas结构：你和汤姆是一样好的孩子。You re a boy as good as Tom.二You re as good a boy as Tom.2、 (l)tooto与sothat sb.can t的句型转换：前者为简单句,主语只有一 个，而后者为复合句，主语有两个，试比较：The man was too angry to be able to speak.The man was so angry that he wasn, t able to speak. The milk was too hot to drink.The milk was so hot

37、that we can t drink it.(2) tooto与not enough to句型的转换：He is too young to get married. =He is not old enough to get married.The book is too difficult for me to read.=The book is not easy enough for me to read.3、形容词原级表示比较级含义：约翰不象迈克那么苯。John is not so stupid as Mike. John is less stupid than Mike.John is

38、cleverer than Mike.4、用比较级表示最高级：约翰是班里最高的男生。John is taller than any other boy in the class.John is the tallest boy in the class.John is taller than :any other boy.any of the other boy.all the other boy.any of the others.any one else.5、 the more the more表示 “越越 :The more books you read,the wider your kn

39、owledge is. The more food you eat, the fatter you are.6、more and more.表示”越来越”：More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language.Our country is getting stronger and stronger.Mid-Autumn FestivalMid-Autumn Day形容词比较级和最高级绝大多数形容词有三种形式，原级，比较级和最高级，以表示形容词说明的性质在程度上 的不同。形容词的原级：形容词的原级形式就是词典中出

40、现的形容词的原形。例如：poor tall great glad bad形容词的比较级和最高级：形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在形容词的原级形式的基础 上变化的。分为规则变化和不规则变化。规则变化如下：1）单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加-er和-est构成。great （原级）（比较级）（最高级）2）以-e结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-r和-st构成。wide （原级）（比较级）（最高级）3）少数以-y, -er, -ow, -ble结尾的双音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-er 和-est构成。clever （原级）（比较级）（最高级）4）以-y结尾，但-y前是

41、辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把-y去掉，加上- ier和-est构成.happy （原形）（比较级）（最高级）5）以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写 该辅音字母然后再加-er和-cst。big （原级）（比较级）（最高级）6）双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用more和most加在形容词前面来构 成。beautiful （原级）？（比较级）（比较级）difficult （原级）（最高级）（最高级）常用的不规则变化的形容词的比较级和最高级：原级比较级最高级goodbetterbestmanymoremo s tmuchmoremostbadwor

42、seworstfarfarther, furtherfarthest, furthest形容词前如加less和least则表示较不和最不important重要less important 较不重要least important最不重要形容词比较级的用法：形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较，其结构形式如下：主语+谓语（系动词）+形容词比较级+than+对比成分。也就是，含有形容词比较级的 主句+than+从句。注意从句常常省去意义上和主句相同的部分，而只剩下对比的成分。Our teacher is we are.我们老师的个子比我们的高。It is today than it was yest

43、erday.今天的天气比昨天暖和。This picture is than that one.这张照片比那张照片漂亮。This meeting is than that one.这次会议不如那次会议重要。The sun is than the moon.太阳比月亮大得多。形容词最高级的用法:形容词最高级用于两个以上的人和物进行比较，其结构形式为：主语+谓语（系动词）+the+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句。She is student her class.她是班上最好的学生。Shanghai is one of cities China.上海是中国最大城市之一。This is app

44、le I have ever met.这是我见到的最大的苹果。Tom is boy in his basketball team.汤姆是他们篮球队中个子最高的孩子。1. . 1-5 D A C A B 16. 1-3 D A D2. 1-6CCBD A B 17.1-3BAC3. 1-6AADB D D 18.1-5CDDD B4. 1-4BBCC 19. 1-4A BAD5. 1-3ADA20. 1-4 CC AC6. 1-4DACC 21. 1-6A ACBBD7. 1-3BCB22. 1-4 CD AC8. 1-3 A B A 23. 1-3 B C B 9 . 1-5 B D B A

45、B 24. 1-5 B C B B C10. 1-6 C D C D D A 25. 1-3 B A A11. 1-3CBD26.1-3CCB12. 1-4CABD 27. 1-3BAD13. 1-3ABB28.1-3BDC14.1-5 C C B D D 29. 1-3 B D C15. 1-5CCBB D30.1-2AC31.1-2AB一、语法知识归纳直接引语变间接引语直接引语变间接引语有着时态，人称，时间状语，地点状语的变化。1 .时态变化：直接引语：i般现在时间接引语：一般过去时直接引语：现在进行时间接引语： 过去进行时直接引语：一般将来时间接引语：过去将来时直接引语：现在完成时间 接

46、引语：过去完成时直接引语：一般过去时间接引语：过去完成时2 .人称变化：She asked Jack, /zWhere have you been?”She asked Jack where he had been.3 .指示代词的变化：thisthat； thesethoseHe said, “ These books are mine. He said that those books were his.4 .时间状语的变化：nowthen；todaythat day；yesterdaythe day before；tomorrowthe next day / the following

47、dayMy father said, I worked here twenty years ago. My father said that he had worked there twenty years before.5 .地点状语的变化：herethereHe asked me, 一How can I get here?”He asked me how he could get there.直接引语变间接引语的句式变化：1 .陈述句：间接引语用that连接或that连接词省略。2 . 一般疑问句：间接引语用if或whether, said改为asked,句子用陈述语序。3 .特殊疑问句：间接引语用原来的特殊疑问词引导，句子用陈述句语序。4 .语法知