2022年考研英语（一）真题及答案解析.docx

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1、2022年全国硕士研究生考试考研英语(一)试题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term plant neurobiology was1around the notion

2、thatsome aspects of plant behavior could be2to intelligence in animals.3plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that4consciousness, researcherspreviously reported.But such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. Pl

3、ant biology is complex and fascinating, but it5so greatly from that of animals thatso-called6of plants1 intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.Beginning in 2006, some scientists have7that plants possessneuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters,8 aplant nervous syst

4、em,9to that in animals, said lead study author LincolnTaiz, They10claimed that plants have brain-like command centers at their root tips.This11makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain,12it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signal

5、s.13, the signaling in a plant is only14similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,0 Taiz said.For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold15ofcomplexity and capacity is required,0 he16. Since plants don t havenervous

6、systems, the17that they have consciousness are effectively zero.And what s so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants can t run away from18, so investing energy in a body system which19a threat andcan feel pain would be a very20evolutionary strategy, according to thearticle.1. A coined B discovere

7、d C collected D issued2. A attributed B directed C compared D confined3. A Unless B When C Once D Though4. A coped with B consisted of C hinted at D extended to5. A suffers B benefits C develops D differs6. A acceptance B evidence C cultivation D creation7. A doubted B denied C argued D requested8.

8、A adapting B forming C repairing D testing9. A analogous B essential C suitable D sensitive10. A just B ever C still D even11. A restriction B experiment C perspective D demand12. A attaching B reducing C returning D exposing13. A However B Moreover C Therefore D Otherwise14. A temporarily B literal

9、ly C superficially D imaginably15. A list B level C label D load16. A recalled B agreed C questioned D added17. A chances B risks C excuses D assumptions18. A danger B failure C warning D control19. A represents B includes C reveals D recognizes20. A humble B poor C practical D easy【答案】1. A coined2.

10、 C compared4. C hinted at5. D differs6. B evidence7. C argued8. B forming9. A analogous10. D even11. C perspective12. B reducing13. A However14. C superficially15. B level16. D added17. A chances18. A danger20. B poor1 .【答案】A coined【解析】逻辑关系题。分号提示分号前后语义一致。根据分号前的first（首次）和took root（生根）可知,plants have s

11、ome degree of consciousness（植物有某种程度的意识） 在当时是种新思想。据此推断,the term plant neurobiology1是个新概念。A项coined 表示创造（新词语）”，代入后符合原文语义。所以,本题答案为A项。干扰项:B项discovered（发现），C项collected（收集）和D项issued（发布）均不符合 原文语义。2 .【答案】C compared【解析】固定搭配题。分号提示分号前后语义一致。根据分号前plants have some degree of consciousness（植物有某种程度的意识）可知:植物有意识。这种意识与空

12、白处 后的intelligence in animals（动物的智力）二者存在相似性。C项compared与to构成固 定搭配,表示表明与相似;将.比作，代入后符合原文语义。所以,本题答案 为C项。干扰项:其余各项均可与to构成不同的搭配,A项attributed to （把.归因于），B 项directed to（把 对准）和D项confined to（把 限定在 ）均不符合原文语义。3 .【答案】D Though【解析】逻辑关系题。本题考查句内逻辑关系,比较本句前后两个半句语义,即plants lack brains（植物缺乏大脑）和 the firing of electrical si

13、gnals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses（然而，茎和叶发射的电信号触发了反应）,可知二者存在语义相反。D项Though（虽然,尽管）提示让步关系,属于语义相反,符合原文逻辑关系。所以,本题答案为D项。干扰项:A项Unless（除非），B项When（当.时），C项Once（一旦）,均不符合原文 语义和逻辑关系。4 .【答案】C hinted at【解析】固定搭配题。根据空白处前后的responses（反应）和consciousness（感觉;意 识）语义可知,前者是后者的种信号。C项hinted at为固定搭配

14、,表示暗示,透露“， 代入后符合原文语义。所以,本题答案为C项。干扰项:A 项 coped with（处理，对付），B 项 consisted of（由构成），D 项 extendedto（将范围扩大至.）均不符合原文语义。5 .【答案】D differs【解析】语境题。根据本段段首such an idea is untrue对上段观点（植物意识和动物 智力存在相似性）的否定可知:植物意识和动物智力并不相似。所以，本题所考查的it（指代 Plant biology）和that of animals（that指代biology）之间的语义关系为二者相异。D项 differs（相异,不同于）代入后

15、符合原文语义和逻辑关系。所以,本题答案为D项。干扰项:A项suffers（受苦,受难），B项benefits（得益于），C项develops（发展,变 化）均不符合原文语义和逻辑关系。6 .【答案】B evidence【解析】语境题。上句such an idea is untrue是对上段末句（植物的反应体现其意识）的否定,也就是说，本段主要观点为:植物没有意识（智力）。本句so-called 6 of plants intelligence is inconclusive（所谓的植物智力”的6是没有说服力的）也需与本段主要 观点保持一致。B项evidence（证据）代入后符合原文语义。所以,

16、本题答案为B项。干扰项:A项acceptance（同意,认可），C项cultivation（种植,栽培），D项creation（创 造）均不符合原文语义。7 .【答案】C argued【解析】语境题。比较本句 scientists have 7 that plants possess neuron-like cells that.（科学家们一直7植物具有 神经元样细胞）和下句They 10 claimed that plants have brain-like command centers .（他们 !0 声称植物.有“大脑般的指挥中 心”），可知，二者结构相似:scientists和The

17、y,后者指代前者，二者同义;plants原词复 现;possess（拥有）与have二者同义。所以，空白处语义与下句对应位置的claimed（声称） 语义相近。（:项argued（主张,提出理由说明）符合原文语义。所以,本题答案为C项。干扰项:A项doubted（怀疑），B项denied（否认），D项requested（要求），均不符 合原文语义。8 .【答案】B forming【解析】语境题。比较空白处前neuron-like cells that.（.神经元样细胞）和空白处 后a plant nervous system（植物神经系统），可知,前者是后者的构成要素。B项forming（使

18、形成）代入后符合原文语义。所以,本题答案为B项。干扰项:A项adapting（使适应），C项repairing（补救，纠正）和D项testing（测验, 考查）均不符合原文语义。9 .【答案】A analogous【解析】语境题。比较空白处前a plant nervous system（植物神经系统）和空白处后 that in animals（动物的神经系统,其中,that指代a nervous system）可知,二者同为神 经系统。A项analogous表示相似的,类似的,代入后符合原文语义。所以,本题答 案为A项。干扰项:B项essential（必不可少的），C项suitable（适用的

19、）和D项sensitive（敏感的） 均不符合原文语义。10 .【答案】D even【解析】逻辑关系题。本题考查句间逻辑关系，比较本句claimed that plants have ,brain-like command centers（声称植物拥有大脑般的指挥中心）和上句some scientists have 7 that plants possess neuron-like cells（些科学家一直 7 植物拥有神 经元样细胞）语义可知,从对植物有意识的论证度上来说,大脑般的指挥中心比 神经元样细胞更进层。D项even（甚至）提示递进关系,符合原文逻辑关系。所以， 本题答案为D项。干扰

20、项:A项just（仅仅），B项ever（从来,在任何时候），C项still（还，还是），均不 符合原文语义和逻辑关系。11I【答案】perspective【解析】逻辑关系题。This+空白处指代上段提到的信息;上段主要提出了 Taiz的观点、 论点,因此空白处语义表示观点、论点。C项perspective（观点）是对该句的概括，代入后 符合原文语义。所以，本题答案为C项。干扰项:A 项 restriction（限制），B 项 experiment（实验），D 项 demand（要求），均不符合原文语义和逻辑关系。12 .【答案】B reducing【解析】固定搭配题。空白处所在的状语结构,是对

21、主句渭语simplify（使简化）的种 伴随状态,所以,空白处语义与simplify（使简化）语义相近。B项reducing与介词to搭配, 表示”将概括为（或简化为）”,代入后符合原文语义。所以，本题答案为B项。干扰项:其余各项均可与介词to构成不同搭配,A项attaching（把.固定在. 上），C 项 returning.to.（把 带回把送回）,D 项 exposing.to.（向显露.）,均不符合原文语义。13 .【答案】A However【解析】逻辑关系题。本题考查句间逻辑关系，比较空白处前cells in plants also communicate through elect

22、rical signals（植物中的细胞也通过电信号沟通）和空白处后 the signaling in a plant is only 14 similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than a mass of cells that communicate by electricity（植物中的信号传 导只是14类似于复杂动物大脑中的放电，而动物大脑不只是通过电进行交流的大量细 胞）语义，可知，空白处前后存在语义相反:前者的also（也）强调植物和动物（在信号沟通 方式上）的相似之处,后者的only.simi

23、lar（仅仅.相似的）弱化了该相似。A项However（然 而）体现转折,属于语义相反，符合原文逻辑关系。所以，本题答案为A项。干扰项:B项Moreover（而且），（1项Therefore（因此），D项Otherwise（否则），均不 符合原文逻辑关系。14 .【答案】C superficially【解析】语境题。根据后半句which is more than a mass of cells that communicate by electricity（动物大脑不只是通过电进行交流的大量细胞）可知,动物 大脑更复杂,动物大脑和植物智力间更多的是相异,所以,前半句的相似（similar）是并

24、不充 分的。C项superficially（表面上地）代入后符合原文语义。所以，本题答案为C项。干扰项:A项temporarily（临时地）,B项literally（真正地,确实地）,D项imaginarily（虚 构地）,均不符合原文语义。15 .【答案】B level【解析】语境题。根据本句 For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold 15 of complexity and opacity is required（意识想要进化，需要一个具有起始!5的复 杂性和容量的大脑）并结合threshold（起始的）语义可知，本句对co

25、mplexity and capacity（复杂性和容量）的要求（required）是种程度上的要求。B项level（水平）代入后符 合原文语义。所以,本题答案为B项。干扰项:A项list（清单），C项label（标签），D项load（负荷），均不符合原文语义。16 .【答案】D added【解析】语境题。本句是引语，出自he, he指代上段末句Taiz,观察发现:上段末 句也是出自Taiz的引语。比较上段末句a complex animal brain, which is more than a mass of cells that communicate by electricity（动物

26、大脑不只是通过电进行交流的大量 细胞”）和本句 For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold 15 of complexity and capacity is required（为了使意识进化，需要一个具有起始15的复杂性和容量的大脑）语义,可知,后者在对前者作进步阐述。D项added（补充说,继续说）代入后最符合原文 语义。所以,本题答案为D项。干扰项:A项recalled（记起，回忆起），B项agreed（表示同意，赞同”,用于与别 人观点相同时），C项questioned（怀疑），均不符合原文语义。17 .【答案】A chan

27、ces【解析】逻辑关系题。Since（由于）提示因果关系:plants don t have nervous systems（植物没有神经系统）为因，the 17 that they have consciousness are effectively zero（它们所拥有意识的17实际上为零）为果。由因推果可知，缺乏神经系统,意识也不会 存在。A项chances（机会，可能性）代入后符合原文语义和逻辑关系。所以，本题答案为A 项。干扰项:B项risks（风险），C项excuses（借口），D项assumptions（假定，假设）均不 符合原文语义和逻辑关系。18 .【答案】A danger【

28、解析】逻辑关系题。so（所以）提示句内因果关系:so前为因,so后为果。根据run away from（回避）可知，空白处语义为负面倾向。借助果,即so后的threat（威胁）可知， 空白处语义与威胁语义相近。A项danger（危险）代入后符合原文语义和逻辑关系。所 以，本题答案为A项。干扰项:B项failure（失败），C项warning（警告）,D项control（控制）均不符合原文 语义和逻辑关系。【解析】逻辑关系题。and提示顺承关系,属于语义一致:19athreat（19 种威 胁）与can feel pain（可感知疼痛）二者结构相似,语义相近。D项recognizes（识别）代入

29、后 符合原文语义和逻辑关系。所以,本题答案为D项。干扰项:A项represents（代表,意味着），B项includes（包括），C项reveals（揭示, 显示）,均不符合原文语义和逻辑关系。20.【答案】B poor【解析】逻辑关系题。so提示因果关系:Plants can t run away.（植物不能逃离.） 为因，investing energy in a body system which 19 a threat and can feel pain would be a very 20 evolutionary strategy（把能量投入至个19威胁并能感知疼痛的身体系统 将是

30、种非常20的进化策略）为果。由此推知，因为（即使植物能感知到疼痛也）不能逃掉， 所以把能量投入到个能.威胁和感知疼痛的身体系统上,是种非常20的进化策略, 即本句意在指出：既然不能跑,那么就无须进化到可以感受疼痛。所以，空白处的语义应为 负面的,能体现出进化到能.威胁和感知疼痛是种不够好的策略。B项poor（不好的,次 的,差的）代入后符合原文语义。所以，本题答案为B项。干扰项:A项humble（不大的,没有特别之处的），（:项practical（有用的,适用的）和 D项easy（容易的,轻易的）均不符合原文语义。Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADi

31、rections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1People often complain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to t

32、he Mariana Trench, because plastics are everywhere and don t break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They weep out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally im

33、portant objects. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, the first artificial heart.Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn t always know how to mix ingredien

34、ts properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. It s like baking a cake: If you don t have exact amounts, it goes wrong, she says. The object you make is already a time bomb.And sometimes

35、, it s not the artist s fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Piero Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen nature carpets large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and waterme

36、lons. He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpetswhich meant they had to be durable.Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable. It1 s especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardi s pumpkins, roses, and other figures were splitting and crumbling. M

37、useums locked some of them away in the dark.So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardi s sculptures. They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. Van Oosten calls those chemicals sunscreens because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn po

38、lymer fibers. She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.Despite success stories like van Oosten s, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics, designed to di

39、sintegrate, are increasingly common.And more is at stake here than individual objects. Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human historyStone Age, I

40、ron Age, and so onafter examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic, she says, and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve . will have a strong impact on how in the future we II be seen.21. According to Paragraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in.A ma

41、intaining their plastic itemsB obtaining durable plastic artifactsC handling outdated plastic exhibitsD classifying their plastic collections22. Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are.A immune to decayB improperly shapedC inherently flawedD complex in structure23. Museums stopped exhib

42、iting some of Gilardi s artworks to.A keep them from hurting visitorsB duplicate them for future displayC have their ingredients analyzedD prevent them from further damage24. The author thinks that preservation of plastics is,A costlyB unworthyC unpopularD challenging25. In Ferreira* s opinion, pres

43、ervation of plastic artifacts.A will inspire future scientific researchB has profound historical significanceC will help us separate the material agesD has an impact on today* s cultural lifeSection II Reading Comprehension【答案】21. A maintaining their plastic items22. C inherently flawed23. D prevent

44、 them from further damage24. D challenging25. B has profound historical significanceText 2As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Generation

45、Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey.Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. But that promise has been found wanting. As degrees became universal, they became devalued. Education was no longer a

46、 secure route of social mobility. Today, 28 per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries.This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch fro

47、m classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available.Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset. Employers have long seen the advanta