考研英语语法难点精析17讲.docx

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1、考研英语试题语法难点精析(17)1语法难点精析之一：虚拟语气1语法难点精析之二：非谓语动词24语法难点精析之三：被分隔的定语从句46语法难点精析之四：besides, but, except, exept for, excepting, apart from 的区别48语法难点精析之五：含义因有无冠词而迥异的短语49语法难点精析之六：用to do还是of doing作后置定语51语法难点精析之七：与Ty副词同义的介词短语53语法难点精析之八：以f(e)结尾名词的复数形式54语法难点精析之九：需要用名词复数的短语56语法难点精析之十：集体名词的类与群57语法难点精析之十一：名词作定语的情况61语

2、法难点精析之十二：no more (.) than与not more (.) than的用法63语法难点精析之十三：rather than, more. than, other than的用法.64语法难点精析之十四：alive、live、living和lively的用法65语法难点精析之十六：too. to结构表示肯定含义的情况67语法难点精析之十七：every表示”每隔“的用法68考研英语试题语法难点精析(17)语法难点精析之一：虚拟语气虚拟语气的重点是:1 .一些常见的虚拟语气的句型或结构。2 .虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、的建议、的命令、的提议、的意愿等的主语从句、的宾语从句、

3、的表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式。3 .主从句表示不同的时间概念、的事实或假设情况，从而交错成为复合虚拟语气。4 .含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气的表示愿望的虚拟形式。上述四个要点往往在完形填空或者阅读理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考这方面的知识的题目，而在阅读理解里，我们掌握上述四个重点对于我们理解文章的大意和作者态度很有帮助，了解哪些观点是作者假设的、的虚拟的，哪些是真实的，这样对于我们回答关于作者态度观点题很有帮助。下面我们将主要从上述四个方面来重点论述在考试中应该注意的问题。一、虚拟语气的常见类型和句型(1)由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气A.用wish表示对现在的愿望时

4、，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式(be动词用were ).B.用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为:would, could, might+动词原形。C. wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或could, would + have +动词过去分词。The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it.“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.wThat s

5、 all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”I wish that he weren, t so lazy.(2) had hoped引起的宾语从句中备用语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.(3) would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner 和 wo

6、uld prefer 所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况,用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。例如：r d rather you posted the letter right away.我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。I would prefer he didrf t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。(4) If s (high, about) time that句型中that从句中要求用虚

7、拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式.It, s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown. It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.现在是我们该结束讲座的时候了。(5) as,或者whether .or.谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc,

8、 Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.(6)由连接词 in case, so that ,unless, lest , for fear that 引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should (might, would)+动词原形，例如： She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold.她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子

9、以免他着凉。The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.(7) if it were not for.与现在事实相反，if it had not been for 与过去事实相反，两个都相当于but for：If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.(8)虚拟语气用于as if (though)引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。例如：She of ten

10、 laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。(9)其它各种句型，as though, suppose, had rathe

11、r, supposing, if only 等等If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.二、特殊形式的虚拟语气虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、的建议、的命令、的提议、的意愿等的主语从句、的宾语从句、的表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式，其虚拟语气的构成往往是由should（可省略）+动词原形that从句。A、的用于表示意愿、的建议、的命令、的提议、的请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，这类动词有：ask要求advise建议arrange安排beg请

12、求command 命令 decide 决定 demand 要求 desire 渴望determine决定insist坚持intend打算maintain坚持主张 move建议，动员propose提议object反对order命令 prefer建议require需要request要求resolve下决心 recommend推荐suggest建议stipulate约定，规定urge强调，促进 vote公认，提议decree颁布（法令）pray请求注意：这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以接doing或者to do.来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。She advised that w

13、e should keep the gate locked.（书面体）She advised us to keep the gate locked.（口语）She advised keeping the gate locked.（较随便）B、的用于It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有： advisable合理的decided决定的crucial关键的appropriate恰当的 determined决定的commanded命令的arranged安排的essential紧要的 complied 遵照 anxious 焦急的 imperative 迫切的 important

14、 重要的 desirable合意的better较好的insistent坚持的desired想要 asked请求keen渴望的incredible难以置信的adamant坚定不移的 natural 自然的 insisted 坚持 necessary 必要的 suggested 建议 urgent紧迫的ordered命令shocked震惊的vital极其重要的 possible 可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable （好一点）proposed 提议 requested 要求的 required 要求的 recommended 推荐 resolved 决定的 probable （可能

15、的）pity可惜，憾事shame遗憾注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以for .to do.来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。It is essential that he should be prepared for this.It is essential for him to be prepared for this.C.用于由表示建议、的要求、的命令、的请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中，这类名词常见的有： advice忠告decision决定demand要求desire要求、的愿望 insistence 坚持 motion 提议 necessity

16、必要性 order 命令 preference 偏爱 proposal 提议 pray 恳求 recommendation 推荐 request 要求 requirement 要求 resolution 决心 suggestion 劝告、的忠告例如：This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.这是他们的决议:要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expun

17、ged from the record.该提议要求把最后一个发言的人的讲话从记录上除掉。三、的混合虚拟语气有时主句和从句的谓语动词指不同的时间，这时需要用混合虚拟语气。一般来说,在这种情况下，主从句谓语动词指代的时间不同，所以我们又可以错综时间条件句，在这种虚拟情况，动词形式应根据实际情况灵活使用，在做这些题目时候尤其要注意每道题目的提示语：时间状语。绝大多数情况下，从句或者主句都有相关的时间状语，这是我解题的关键。If you that late movie last night, you wouldn, t be so sleepy.A. haven t watched B. didn,

18、t watchC. hadn t watched D. wouldn t have watched 答案选 C。Many dead would now be alive if they have not attempted to return for something.Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.混合虚拟语气还有一种情况就是事实和虚拟假设的混合句，这样的句子不仅仅是时间的不同，而重要是事实和假设的混合。I would have gone to visit

19、 him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.该句前半部分是假设虚拟，而后半部分是事实的陈述。Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.该句前半句用的是假设虚拟，后半句主句也用的是假设虚拟（如果你去并且解释

20、的话），但是后半句的从句用的是事实语气，因为“父母病了”是客观事实，故不需要用虚拟形式had been.四、的含蓄虚拟条件句含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：（1）介词或介词短语，如 but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition 等。the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If

21、there hadn, t been the leadership of the party, we could not be 1iving a happy today.A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 答案选 B。But that she was afraid, she would have said no.（2）连词，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided（倘若）,for fear that （唯恐），in order that, on condition

22、that, if only （要是就好了）等。She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted.If only I had more money, I could buy a car.（注：lest, for fear that和in case引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。）例如：The

23、foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him.这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。(3)通过上下文及内在含义，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等类似转折词。I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awake.A. were

24、sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep 选择B.(4)形容词及其比较级A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.A less conscientious man wouldn, t have tried so hard to get this job done.(5)分词短语Having known in time, we might have prevented the accident.Born ten days earli

25、er, the boy could have seen his late father.(6)动词不定式短语。一般 intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或was/were+不定式完成式或 had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虚拟。I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at that time.To hear him speak French, you would take him for an Englishman.She would be

26、 stupid not to accept his invitation.It would be easier to do it this way.名词短语和名词+and结构A judicious man would not have committed suicide.A diligent student would have worked harder.独立主格结构All things considered, the price would be reasonable.定语从句Anyone who had been in your position would have done the

27、same.A nation, which stopped working, would be dead in a fortnight.(10)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气：I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn, t.The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.(11)动词原形表示虚拟动词原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一种虚拟，最常

28、见于正式文体中，动词原形一般用在条件从句中，有时倒装置于句首，同时这种用法也常见于独立句中表达愿望。God bless you!All magnets behave the same, be they large or small.She11 be sixteen years odd, com May.(come May =when May come).If that be so, we shall take action at once.强化训练：虚拟语气1. Were it not for the snowy weather, we all right.A. would be B. wou

29、ld have been C. were D. may be2. more careful, his ship would not have sunk.A. If the captain were B. Had the captain beenC. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been3. If he me tomorrow, I would let him know.A. should call B. should not have been ableC. were not able D. are not able4.

30、 If you asked your father you permission.A. may get B. might get C. should have called D. maybe get5. today, he would get there by Friday.A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves6. I you, I would go with him to the party.A. Was B. Had been C. Will be D. Were7. The mill

31、ions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand,all practical value by the time they were finished.A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost8. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.A. must have been B. would have been C. were

32、D. would be9. If you Jerry Brown until recently, you, d think the photograph on the right was strange.A. shouldn, t contact B. didn t contact C. weren t to contact D. hadn t contacted10. he English examination I would have gone to the concert last SundayA. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As

33、for11. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I your adviceA. fol low B. would fol low C. had followed D. have followed12. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. hadn t contacted13. If the horse won today, i

34、t thirty races in five years.A. would have won B. won C. must have won D. did have won14. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened,a sudden loud noise.A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been15. The board deemed it urgent that these files right aw

35、ay.A. had to be printed B. should have been printedC. must be printed D. should be printed 在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语。如：Do you remember one af ternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?你还记得吗，十年前的一天下午，我来到你家，找你借了一条钻石项链？when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond neckl

36、ace 实际上是修饰 af ternoon而不是修饰years。ten years ago实际上是定语后置修饰afternoon。先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时，先行词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，主句谓语较短，为使句子平衡，常将定语从句移至谓语之后如：A new master wi11 come tomorrow who will teach you German.明天，新（男）老师将来较你德语。强化训练16. Jean Wagner s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his i

37、nsistence that it in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference. A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzedC. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed17. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I fully occupied the whole of last week.A. were B. had bee

38、n C. have been D. was18. I apologize if I you, but I assure you it was unintentional.A. offend B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended 19. If you hadn t taken such a long time to get dressed, we, d there by now.A. be B. circles C. is circling D. be circling20. The sun rises in

39、 the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sunround the earth.A. were circling B. circles C. is circling D. be circling 21. I wish that I with you last night.A. went B. have gone C. could go D. could have gone22. I wish I with her.A. would be B. am C. was D. were23. I wish that I the conc

40、ert last night.A. could B. have attended C. could have attended D. attended24. The picture exhibition bored me to death. I wish I to it.A. had not gone B. have not gone C. did not go D. can not have gone25. MI wish you me to put these things away, he said.A. wi 11 help B. help C. are helping D. woul

41、d help26. If the Watergate Incident Nixon would not have resigned from the presidency.A. did not occur B. had not occurred C. was not occurring D. be circling27. I hadn t expected James to apologize but I had hoped .A. him calling me B. that he would call me C. him to call me D. that he call me28. G

42、eorge would certainly have attended the proceedings .A. if he didn t get a flat tire B. if the flat tire hadn t happenedC. had he not had a flat tire D. had the tire not flattened itself29. The teacher suggested that her students experiences with ESP.A. write a composition on their B. to write compo

43、sition about theC. wrote some compositions of his or her D. had written any compositions for his30. He speaks Chinese as fluently as if he a Chinese.A. were B. had been C. is D. has been31. As usual, he put on a show as though his trip a great success.A. had been B. has been C. were D. was32. Lookin

44、g round the town, he felt as though he away for ages.A. has been B. was C. is D. had been33. John is so strongly built that he looks as if he as elephant.A. lifts B. is lifting C. lifted D. could lift34. He described the town as if he it himself.A. had seen B. has seen C. saw D. sees35. At that thou

45、ght he shook himself, as though he from an evil dream.A. woke B. wakes C. would wake D. had woke36. Most insurance agents would rather you anything about collecting claims untilthey investigate the situation.A. do B. don t C. didn t D. didn t do37. Although most adopted persons want the right to kno

46、w who their natural parents are, some who have found them wish that they the experience of meeting.A. hadn t B. didn t have had C. hadn t had D. hadn* t have38. It is important that the TOEFL office your registration.A. wi 11 confirm B. confirm C. confirms D. must confirm39. Without electronic compu

47、ters, much of today5 s advanced technology .A. will not have been achieved B. have not been achievedC. would not have been achieved D. had not been achieved40. He told her to return the book in time so that others a chance to read it .A. may have B. will have C. would have D. might have41. It is tim

48、e that the government measures to protect the rare birds and animals.A. takes B. took C. has taken D. taking42. Some people are too particular about school records, insisting that every applicantall diplomas from elementary school to university.A. has B. will have C. should have D. must have43. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he to the meeting.A. would come B