考研英语经验谈11-考研英语词汇基础.docx

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1、考研英语词汇基础（文章后附有启航2010招生简章）核心词汇突破词汇是语言的基本元素，词汇量小就读不懂阅读，写不出文章。因此，背单词是学英语关键的一步。考研英语难，其中词汇更是一道难关，虽然考试中不考词汇题，但是从阅读、翻译、写作等多方面都考到了对词汇的灵活掌握和具体运用，也就是说，只有真正掌握理解了才能考出好成绩。鉴于广大考生以前参加过四、六级，大都具备了一定的语法和词汇知识，所以，在这里将着重讲述考研英语测试中将要运用到的词汇难点与重点。第一节名词的理解与运用一.英语中的名词在句子中的作用如下：名词在句子中可做主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾补、同位语等。 Prices range from $6

2、 to $19 for a dozen short or long roses. Nothing says love like a dozen long-stemmed roses on Valentines Day.（3）It5s going to remain the most popular flower because love never goes out of style. This is a private firm that studies the flower industry. The modem white furniture and wall-to-wall mirro

3、rs give the store an expensive look. We consider it a good opportunity to study abroad. Some women are normally inactive but then all of a sudden start a program of intense training, an action which violates the laws of sports science.二.常用的后缀.表示“人意义的名词后缀applicant （申请人） pollutant （污染物）Asian （亚洲人） mus

4、ician （音乐家） politician （政治家） magician （魔术师）refugee （难民） examinee （考生）lawyer, trainer （教练） carrier （运输者） conductor （指挥者） operator （操作者） mountaineer （登山人） volunteer （志愿者）client （客户） agent （代理人，中介）linguist （语言学家） activist （活动家） physicist （物理学家） geneticist （基因学家）-Antimmigrant （移民） descendant （后代）-An -ia

5、n-人Arabian （阿拉伯人） Italian （意大利人） physician （内科医生） historian （历史学家）-Ee-人（被动） employee （屉员） absentee （缺席者）-Er/-eer/-or 人Daughter/owner, butcher （屠户） bachelor （单身汉） senator （议员） worshipper （崇拜者） sightseers （观光者）-Ent 人correspondent （夕己者） patient （病人）-ist人，主义者Scientist controversialist （好争论者） nationalist

6、 （民族主义者） tourist （游客）assistant （助手） inhabitant （居民）Australian （澳大利亚人） librarian （图书管理员） technician （技术工） comedian （喜剧家）payee （收款人） trainee （受训者）barber （理发师）/ancestor （祖先） director （主任） sponsor （赞助者） profiteer （投机倒把者） pioneer （先驱）parent, resident （居民） patent （专利）therapist （治疗家） novelist （小说家） psychol

7、ogist （心理学家） motorist （汽车司机）.表示“关系、特征”等意义的名词后缀-ship状态，性质friendship （友谊） membership （会员资格） scholarship （学者身份）-hood身份，性质，时代 childhood （儿童时代） livelihood （生计）-ance /-ence性质，状态 acceptanceallowance （补贴） conscience （良知） nuisance （讨厌）-cion -sion -tion 动作，状态 consumption （消费） depression （沮丧，萧条） invasion （侵略）

8、possession （拥有） transmission （输送，传递） hardship （困境） ownership （所有关系） comradeship （同志身份）neighborhood （邻里） boyhood （男孩时代）acquaintance （熟识） appearance （出现，夕卜表） resistance （阻挡） perform ance（表现）assimilation （吸收、同化） desperation （绝望） modernization （现代化） suspicion （怀疑） industrialization （工业化） leadership （领导身

9、份） relationship （关系） professorship （教授身份）likelihood （可能性）advance （进步） appliance （器具） insurance （保险） resemblance （相似性）comprehension （理解） invention （发明） permission （容许） tension （紧张） notification （通知）-ism主义 Americanism （美国主义）heroism （英雄主义）consumerism-mania反常行为或狂热 soccer mania二soccer-mad-holic-痴迷者，疯狂者-m

10、ent运动agreement （协议） arrangement （安排） parliament （议会） requirement （要求）-ness性质，状态 casualness （随意） sleeplessness（失眠） friendliness（友好）workaholic（工作狂）appointment （约定，任命） argument （观点）monument （纪念碑）movement （运动）payment （支付）j鸿/ replacement （替换illness （疾病）carelessness（粗心awareness（AW 3 f iichness（富裕greatness

11、（伟大）happiness-cide suicide （自杀）insecticide （杀虫剂）pesticide （杀虫剂）literacy （识字）policy（政策）efficiency（效率）-Eryfishery （渔业）mystery（神秘性）-rypoetry （诗歌）-age状态，集合表示行为、accuracy （准确性） emergency （紧急情况） sufficiency（足够）machinery （机械）discovery（发现）citizenry （公民）状态tendency（倾向） intimacy（亲密） dependency（依赖）misery （痛苦）del

12、i very（送，发表演说） entry（力口入，进入）voyage （航海） courage （勇气） luggage （行李）-alapproval （赞成、advantage （好处） garbage （垃圾） beverage （饮料）baggage （行李） storage （储存） damage （破坏，损害）批准）arrival （到达）interval （间隔）removal （搬，移走）-ing行动,行业，的being （生命体）beginning （开始）ending （结束）。-ityuniformity （统一，一致） reality （现实）-ics /-ology

13、学科 psychology （心理学） anthropology（人类学）curiosity （好奇性） publicity （宣传）technology （技术） geology （地质学）personality （个性）similarity （个性）ideology （思想体系） physics （物理学）-th-结果，过程warmth （温暖）truth （真理，真实性） width （宽度）-ty -liberty （自由）specialty （专长，特长） anxiety （焦虑）advisability （可行性） unpredictability （不可预测性）-phobia对过

14、度恐惧claustrophobia（幽闭恐怖症）英语中有少数名词的单、复数形式在词义方面相当不同或绝对不同。例如：Last night, I had words with Mr. Bob, the group leader, for a long time. We had very good words. In shorts, I was touched by his confidences and I was very satisfied with the last words said by Mr. Bob about the possibility of our project.类似的词

15、还有：affairs （事物，事情）,airs （气氛）,arms （武器）,ages （很长一段时间）,authorities （当局，政府）,brains （智力），clothes, celebrities（名人），customs （海关），drinks（饮料）,experiences （经历），goods, greens （绿叶，植物）,grounds （理由），lessons （教训），manners （礼貌，规矩，风格）,means （方法，手段）,minutes （会议记录），news, pains （努力，辛苦）,peoples （种族，民族），papers （报纸、考卷、论文、

16、文件），quarters （住所,住处）,sands （沙滩）,spirits （情绪）,sights （景观）,times, terms （条件、术语）,works （作品）.名词中还有些仅以复数形式出现，如：spectacles （眼镜），trousers （裤子），findings（调查结果）,savings （储金）,belongings （所有物，财产），surroundings （环境）,teachings（教导）,earnings （薪水），remains （遗物）,thanks （感谢）,regards （问候）。三.主题名词的重复、指代和替换Do we need laws t

17、hat prevent us from running risks with our lives? If so, then perhaps laws are needed prohibiting （禁止）the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic （，列、，性）drinks. Both products have been known to kill people. The hazards （危险）of drinking too much alcohol are as bad as or worse than the hazards of smoking too

18、many cigarettes. All right then, lets pass a law closing the liquor stores and bars in this country. Lets put an end forever to the dangerous disease from which as many as 10 million Americans now suffer -alcoholism （酗酒）.四.真题阅读4.1 Repetition-repetition of the same words or word groupsParagraph 1Spec

19、ialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series

20、 of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.（01）1. The direct reason for specialization isA the development in communication.B the growth of professionalisation.C the expansion of scientific knowledge.

21、|D the splitting up of academic societies.4.2 主题名词定词义Paragraph 2There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential

22、 customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in

23、the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful lool for combating world poverty that weve ever had.2. Governments attach importance to the InternetA offers economic potentialsC can soon wipe out world poverty4.3上下义词解题（考研真题多次出现）because it.B can bring fo

24、reign fundsD connects people all over the worldParagraph 3A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decr

25、eased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-sc

26、ience, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.3. Which of the following is true according to the passage?| A Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.B Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.C The government officers tend to tag others

27、 as anti-science.D All organizations are justifiable in tagging themselves as anti.science”.五.名词中同义词和近形词1 .表示“能力”意思的词语：Ability, capability, competency, faculty, capacity, gift, talent2 .表示“目的、目标”意思的词语：Aim,purpose, aim, intent, intention, goal, objective, end.3 .表示“关系、联系”意思的词语：Ties, bonds, connection

28、, association, relations, combination, relationship, interrelations, relevance, interrelations.4 .表示“差别”意思的词语：Difference, distinction, differentiation5 .表示“资本、资金”意思的词语：Capital, fund, money,6 .表示“个人”意思的词语：Person, people, folks, individuals7 .表示“意义、含义”意思的词语：Meaning, significance, implication, connotat

29、ion,8 .表示“部分、成分“意思的词语：Part, element, ingredient, component, factor, section, fragment9 .表示“不平等、歧视”意思的词语：Inequality, bias, prejudice, discrimination10 .表示“对手、支持者”意思的词语：Opponent, rivals, enemy, proponent, advocates11 .表示商品”意思的词语：Commodity, goods,12 .表示“将来”意,词语：Future, prospect,13 .表示“理由意司语：Reason, gro

30、und, cause.14 .表示“后代、子孙”意思的词语：Offspring, descendant, posterity, children15 .表示“错误”意思的词语：Blunder, error, mistake,xess, semiiuir, sessionFs16 .表示“基础”意思的词语：Basis,foundation, ground17 .新“会议”意思的词语：Assembly, conference, congiparty。18 .字形相似的词：welfare （福利）,warfare （战争）.farewell /与别，飞二19 .字形相似的词：attitude （态度

31、,altitude 高度）vinftgnitiide （ multitile （多数），aptitude （天资，天赋）latitude （纬度，地区，gratitude（感谢）20 .字形相似的词：convention（习俗，传统）,conversion（变化，转换），conviction（坚定的信念或看法），conservation （保存,保持），conversation （交谈）六.名词与介词的搭配1. He gained advantage over other boys./ take advantage of the opportunity./Whats your impressi

32、on of her?/ His speech made an impression on the audience./There is a great need for international understanding./ in need of something./He has a preference for （喜欢）fbreign movies./I should choose tea in preference to coffee.I have made a search for the missing paper. We are still in search of the m

33、issing boy./I have got confidence you. I am confident your success in English exams.She took great pride her unique beauty./She is proud her own beauty.He prides himself his independent voice.Comprehension Exercise2. The improvement, invention and use of a series of instruments3. The notion of not d

34、iscriminating on the basis of inborn talent4. A study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia5. The selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual6. Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and ben

35、efits of controlling water第二节动词的理解与运用一.动词的分类及用法根据意义和句法功能，动词可分类为：实义动词，系动词，情态动词，助动词。实义动词指有实在的意义，能独立做谓语的动词，如mean, study, love等。系动词是联系主语和表语，说明其关系并与表语一起构成名词性复合谓语的动词。除be之外主要的系动词还有:remain, stay, keep（保持）；become, get, go, grow, turn, come,（变得）；look, sound, seem, taste, smell, feel, hold。情态动词有一定的意义但不完整，仅表示说话

36、人之“情态”，和原形动词构成动词性复合谓语。Can/could; may/ might; must/ ought to/ need; dare; shall/will; should/would;助动词be, have, do无实在意义，只帮助中心动词构成不同的时态、语态、语气等。短语动词主要有以下几种构成方式：不及物动词+副词，如：stay up （熬夜），look out （小心），break out （爆发），go up （上升，爆炸），take after （像），die out （灭绝，消亡），set out （出发）.不及物动词+介词，如：break into （闯入），go af

37、ter （追求），go through （经历），pass on （传递）,run into （碰上），sit for （参与），stand for （代表）.及物动词+副词，如：give up, see .off, show. around, hand .over, put .off, pick. up 不及物动i司+副 i司+3司，4口： put up with, stand up to, do away with, fall back on, live up to.及物动词+名词+介词，如： make fun of, take care of, pay attention to, cat

38、ch sight of.动词+动词+介词，如：make do with （将就用），let go of （置之不理）动词阅读练习（注意动词短语的搭配）1. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.这样一来，购物就成了公众的一项民主活动。2. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granled.美国人不再把繁荣看成是理所当然的事，3. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slice

39、s of cucumber.一般情况下，这些猴子很乐意用石块来换黄瓜片。4. Straitfbrd president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymasters dream.Straitford公公的总裁George Friedman说，他把在线世界看作是一种信息收集和发布的互动工具，是间谍头子的理想世界。5. He dismisses a l

40、ot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish “the worst sort of ambulance-cashing.”Question: Which of the following statements is True according to the sentence?A He thinks highly of the work of consultants.B The consultants are offering considerable help in money matters.|C | The co

41、nsultants are a bunch of good-for-nothing.D The consultants are dealing with emergencies.他对重组顾问们做的大量工作不屑一顾，因为那些完全是垃圾典型的“劳而无获6. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal o privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. NBAC委员们表示：他们将呼吁由私人赞助的研

42、究人员和机构不要试图通过人体细胞核移植技术来克隆人。1 .1 have been transformed 70m a passionate advocate of the philosophy of having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.我已从一个“获得（拥有）一切”哲学（琳达凯茜过去七年中在她这本杂志所宣扬的）的积极倡导者，

43、变成了一个乐于接受任何东西只要一丁点的女人。8 . While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test-taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression.Question: Which of the following statements is True according to the sentence?A Foreigners put emphas

44、is on the basics.B Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.|C More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.D Test-taking is more important than self-expression.尽管日本因强调基础知识而受到外国人的称赞，但是其教育往往强调应试和机械性学习而忽视了创造性及表现个性。9. The president of the Nationa

45、l Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panels report:“Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science

46、can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.但科学可以为我们提供面向未来的最好的指引，我国和全世界都要根据科学对于我们目前行动给未来造成的影响所做的最佳判断来制定重要政策，这是十分重要的。Question: According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve asA a protectorBajudgeC a criticD a guide10. The report identifies the under-treatment of pain and the agg

47、ressive use of ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying* as the twin problems of end-of-life care.Question: According to the report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is.A prolonged medical proceduresC systematic drug abuseB inadequate treatment of pain|D insufficient hospital care二.英语中的名词和动词是同一词形的单词及某些名词去掉后缀变动词account （for）解释advocate（倡导者）view （观点，看法）desire （理想）end （目的） value （价值） stem （来自） play （戏剧） record （记录） key in （嵌入）cause （事业） place （放） class （种类，分类） share （一份） return （回报J post （刊登）decline （下降