英语语言学练习题[1](9页).doc

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1、-第 1 页英语语言学练习题1-第 2 页英语语言学练习题英语语言学练习题Supplementary exercisesChapter 1 Introduction.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.Linguistics studies particular language,not languages in general.3.A scientific

2、 study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4.In the study of linguistics,hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked againstthe observed facts.5.General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6.General linguistics,which relates itself to the resear

3、ch of other areas,studies the basic concepts,theories,descriptions,models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7.Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds toconvey meaning in communication.8.Morphology studies how words can be formed to

4、 produce meaningful sentences.9.The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10.Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes,but also thecombination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11.The study o

5、f meaning in language is known as semantics.12.Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13.Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation,but incontext.14.Social changes can often bring about language changes.15.Sociolinguistics is the study of languag

6、e in relation to society.16.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive,but sometimes descriptive.17.Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18.A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19.Modern linguistics regards the written language as pri

7、mary,not the written language.20.The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F.de Saussure.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21.Chomsky defines“competence”as the ideal users k_ of the rules of his language.22.Langue refers to

8、 the a_ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speechcommunity while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23.D_ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon thatlanguage consists of two levels:a lower level of mean

9、ingless individual sounds and a higher level ofmeaningful units.24.Language is a system of a_ vocal symbols used for human communication.25.The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences inlanguages is called s_.26.Human capacity for language has a

10、g_ basis,but the details of language have to be taughtand learned.27.P _ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems.Thestudy of such applications is generally known as a_ linguistics.-第 3 页29.L

11、anguage is p_ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of newsignals by its users.In other words,they can produce and understand an infinitely large number ofsentences which they have never heard before.30.Linguistics is generally defined as the s _ study of language.There are f

12、our choices following each statement.Mark the choice that can best complete thestatement:31.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use,it is said to be _.A.prescriptiveB.analyticC.descriptiveD.linguistic32.Which of the following is not a design feature of human lan

13、guage?A.ArbitrarinessB.DisplacementC.DualityD.Meaningfulness33.Modern linguistics regards the written language as _.A.primaryB.correctC.secondaryD.stable34.In modern linguistics,speech is regarded as more basic than writing,because _.A.in linguistic evolution,speech is prior to writingB.speech plays

14、 a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC.speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD.All of the above35.A historical study of language is a _ study of language.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.comparative36.Saussure to

15、ok a(n)_ view of language,while Chomsky looks at language from a _point of view.A.sociologicalpsychologicalB.psychologicalsociologicalC.appliedpragmaticD.semanticlinguistic37.According to F.de Saussure,_ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem-bers of a speech community.A.paro

16、leB.performanceC.langueD.Language38.Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _ andmeanings.A.senseB.soundsC.objectsD.ideas39.Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.This feature is called _,A.displacementB.

17、dualityC.flexibilityD.cultural transmission40.The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _,rather than by instinct.A.learningB.teachingC.booksD.both A and B.Define the following terms:41.Linguistics42.Phonology43.Syntax44.Pragmatics45.Psycholinguistics46.

18、Language47.Phonetics48.Morphology49.Semantics50.Sociolinguistics51.Applied Linguistics52.Arbitrariness53.Productivity54.Displacement55.Duality56.Design Features57.Competence58.Performance59.Langue60.Parole.Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible.Give examples for illustration i

19、fnecessary:61.Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human commu-第 4 页nication.Explain it in detail.62.What are the design features of human language?Illustrate them with examples.63.How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64.How do you und

20、erstand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65.Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary,not the written?66.What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67.How do you understand competence and performance?68.Saussures distinc

21、tion between langue and parole seems similar to Chomskys distinction betweencompetence and performance.What do you think are their major differences?69.Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary?Why?Chapter 2 Phonology.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.Voicing

22、 is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning,theyare said to be in complementary distribution.3.A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4.English is a t

23、one language while Chinese is not.1.语言的普遍特征：任意性 arbitrariness双层结构 duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性 productivity移位性 displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性 cultural transmission2。语言的功能：传达信息功能 informative人济功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娱乐功能 recreatinal元语言功能 metalingual3.语言学 linguistics：包括六个

24、分支语音学 Phonetics音位学 phonology形态学 Morphology句法学 syntax语义学 semantics语用学 pragmatics4.现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语 language and parole，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语5.语法创始人：Noam Chomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用 competence and performance1.Which of the following statements can be use

25、d to describe displacement.one of the unique propertiesof language:a.we can easily teach our children to learn a certain languageb.we can use both shu and tree to describe the same thing.c.we can u se language to refer to something not presentd.we can produce sentences that have never been heard bef

26、ore.2.What is the most important function of language?a.interpersonalb.phaticc.informatived.metallingual3.The function of the sentence A nice day,isnt it?is _a informativeb.phaticc.directived.performative4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by _a saussureb.hallidayc.Choms

27、kyd.the prague school5.Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?-第 5 页a.saussureb.chomskyc.hallidayd anomymous第二节 语音学1.发音器官由声带 the vocal cords 和三个回声腔组成2.辅音 consonant：there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.3.辅音的发音方式爆破音 complete obstruction鼻音 nasa

28、ls破裂音 plosives部分阻塞辅音 partial obstruction擦音 fricatives破擦音 affricates 等4.辅音清浊特征 voicing辅音的送气特征 aspiration5.元音 vowel分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状6 双元音 diphthongs,有元音过渡 vowel glides1.Articulatory phonetics mainly studies _.a.the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechb.the perception of soundsc.the com

29、bination of soundsd.the production of sounds2.The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in _a.the place of articulationb.the obstruction f airstreamc.the position of the tongued.the shape of the lips3.What is the common factor of the three sounds:p,k ta.voicelessb.spreadc.voicedd.nasal4.Wh

30、at phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?a.voicingb.aspirationc.roundnessd.nasality5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?a.voicingb.nasalc.approximationd.aspiration6.The phonological features of the consonant k are _a.voiced stopb.voiceless stopc.

31、voiced fricatived.voiceless fricative7.p is divverent from k in _a.the manner of articulationb.the shape of the lipsc.the vibration of the vocal cordsd.the palce of articualtion8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in _a.aspirationb.nasalityc.obstructiond.voicing第三节 音位学 phonology1.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于

32、语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。2.音位 phoneme：最小语音单位3.音位变体 allophones:读音差别4.对比性分布：如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中，而且产生了两个不同的单词，5.互补性分布；如果两个基本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环境中，那么它们之间就是互补性分布的关系，如送气 p 绝不会出现在 s 之后，不送气的 p 绝不会出现在词首6.音节 syllable，分为节首 onset，节峰 peak，节尾 coda7.辅音群:一般作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音，节尾

33、不能超过 4 个8.最小语音对 minimal pairsI.Introduction1.What is Language-第 6 页Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2.What is Linguistics(语言学)Linguistics is the scientific study of language.3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分)in Linguistics3.1 Speech and WritingOne general princ

34、iple(原则)of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing.Writing giveslanguage new scope(范畴)and uses that speech does not have.3.2 Descriptive(描述性)or Prescriptive(说明性)A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed;it is prescriptive if it tries to laydown r

35、ules for correct behavior.3.3 Synchronic(共时)and Diachronic(历时)StudiesThe description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of alanguage as it changes through time is a diachronic study.3.4 Langue(语言)and Parole(言语)This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguis

36、t F.De Saussure(索绪尔）early last century.langue refers tothe abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to theactualized(实际的)language,or realization of langue.3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为)Competence is the ideal language users knowledge of the

37、rules of his language.Performance is theactual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声).4.The Scope of LinguisticsGeneral linguistics is the study of language as a whole.Phonetics(语音学)is the branch of linguisticswhich studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their

38、 description,classification and transcription.Phonology(音韵学)is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages.Morphology(词法)is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.Syntax(句法)is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination o

39、f words intosentences.Semantics(语义学)is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.Applied linguistics(应用语言学)is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages.Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society.Psycholinguistics is the study

40、of the relationship between language and the mind.Historical Linguistics(历史语言学)is the study of language changes.Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学)uses the theories and methods of anthropology to studylanguage variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.Neurolin

41、guistics(神经语言学)studies the neurological basis of language development and use in humanbeings.Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学)studies the mathematical features of language,often employingmodels and concepts of mathematics.Computational linguistics(计算语言学)is an approach to linguistics in which mathemati

42、cal techniquesand concepts are applied,often with the aid of a computer.II.Phonetics(语音学）1.scope of phoneticsSpeech sounds may be studied from different angles,thus we have at least three branches of phonetics:-第 7 页Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学）we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produ

43、ced todiscover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(协调）in the process.Auditory phonetics（听觉语音学）we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer asmediated(调节）by the ear,the auditory nerve(神经）and the brain.Acoustic phonetics(声学语音学）we study the physical properties of sp

44、eech sounds,as transmitted（传送）between mouth and ear.2.The vocal organsThe vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts,the initiator of the air-stream,(气流发生器官）the producer of voice（声音发生器官）and the resonating cavities.（声音共振器官）3.Consonants(辅音）Places of articulation(发音部位）:bilabial,(双唇）Labiode

45、ntals,（唇齿）dental,（齿）alveolar,（齿龈）retroflex,（卷舌）palate-alveolar,（上齿龈）palatal,（上颚）velar,（软腭）uvular,（小舌）glottal(声门）Manners of articulation:plosive,（暴破）nasal,（鼻音）trill,（颤音）lateral,（边音）fricative,（摩擦）approximant,（近似音）affricate（破擦）4.Vowels(元音）The classification of vowels:the height of tongue raising(high,m

46、id,low),the position of the highest partof the tongue(front,central,back),and the degree of lip rounding(rounded,unrounded)III.Phonology（音韵学）1.phonemes(音素）：a distinctive(有区别的）sound in a language.2.Allophones(音位变体）：The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme.3.Minimal pairs(最小对立体）：word

47、forms which differ from each other only by one sound.4.Free variation(自由变异）：If two sounds occurring in the same environment(环境）,they does notproduce a different word form,but merely a different pronunciation of the same word.5.Complementary distribution(补充分类）：Not all the speech sounds occur in the s

48、ame environment.When two sounds never occur in the same environment.6.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位）：the study of phonological properties(性质）of units lager than the segment-phoneme.They are syllable(音节），stress,（重音）word stress,sentence stress.pitch（音调）and intonation（语调）.IV.Morphology（词法）1.inflection

49、(构形法）：the grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes.(屈折词缀）2.Word-formation(构词）：the processes(过程）of word variations signaling lexical relationships.（表明词法关系）They are compound(合成）and derivation(派生）.3.Morpheme(词素）：the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression

50、 and content.4.Allomorph(同质异象变体）：some morphemes have considerable variation,for instance,alternateshapes or phonetic forms.5.Types of morphemes:They are roots,(词根）affix（词缀）and stem（词干）.6.Lexicon(语言词汇）：in its most general sense,is synonymous with vocabulary.7.Closed-class words(封闭性）and open-class wor