初中英语语法基础知识(27页).doc

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1、-第 1 页初中英语语法基础知识初中英语语法基础知识-第 2 页第一部分第一部分基础知识基础知识第一章语 法第一节时 态一一般现在时一般现在时一般+s;在以 ch,sh,s,x 或 o 结尾的词后+es(teaches,goes,washes,fixes,guesses);在以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词后，变 y 为 i 后再加-es(studies,tries)1.表示现在反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常与 every day,once a week,often,always,usually,sometimes,seldom 等时间状语连用：-We go there twice a month.

2、-Industrial buyers are responsible for supplying the goods and services that anorganization required for its operations.(d.required-requires)2.表示主语的特征、性格、能力等：-He has great concern for others.-Matter exists in three states.3.表示客观事物或普遍真理：-Light travels faster than sound.-Japan lies to the east of Chin

3、a.4.表示安排或计划好的将来的动作：-The plane takes off at five.5.在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作（when,after,before,as soon as,until;if,unless):-If it is fine tomorrow,we will have a football match.-A desert area that has been without water for six years will still bloom when rainwill come.(will come-comes)二现在进行时study-studying;

4、come-coming;sit-sitting(forget-forgetting);die-dying通常不能用于现在进行时的常见动词如下：see,hear,smell,taste,know,find,forget,notice,suggest,be,love,like,want,hope,wish,prefer,hate,understand,remember,believe,have,consist,seem.1.表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作：-The students are running to the sports-field.2.表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻不一定在进

5、行：-He is writing a novel this year.3.可表示将来发生的动作，这一用法常用于 go,come,leave,start 等动词，后面也常用表示较近的将来时间状语，如 tomorrow,tonight,this coming Friday 等，表示安排或计划好的事情：-Those visitors are leaving for Wuhan tomorrow.4.用来给习惯性动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩：-The boy who is sitting beside me is always asking me a lot of whys and hows.-He

6、was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.-第 3 页三现在完成时1.表示动作现在刚完成：-His son has finished his homework.2.表示过去做的动作对现在仍有影响：-Its so cold in here.Who has broken the window?3.过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在（这时常和 since 或 for 短语连用）-Li has studied English for twenty years.-Collecting dol

7、ls as a hobby becomes increasingly popular during the past fifty years.b注 1.副词用：just,before,already,often,never,ever,always,not.yet 或 now,today,thisweek 等；不用过去的时间状语。2.-His grandmother _ for thirty years.a.diedb.had diedc.has been deadd.has died-He has been in the army for two years.(不能说 He has joine

8、d the army for.)-I _ a college student for more than a year.a.becameb.have becomec.wasd.have been-It is three years since he sent to the U.S.(不能说 He has gone to the U.S.for three years.)四一般过去时时间状语有:yesterday,ago,in 1978,once,last week(month,year),at that time,just now 等，以及由 when 等引导的句子。1.表示某一确定的过去时间

9、发生的动作或存在的状态：-Oberlin College awards degrees to both sexes in 1837,but coeducaion in Americanacolleges did not spread until the second half of the century.(awards-awarded)2.表示过去某一段时间内经常发生或习惯的动作：-From 1910 to 1927 Corra Harris _ out an average of a novel a year.a.has broughtb.were bringingc.had brough

10、td.brought3.used to:-We used to get up at five every morning when we were in the countryside.五过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某个阶段正在进行的动作或正发生的历史事件。-Bill said that he _ his homework at half past seven yesterday evening.a.didb.was doingc.is going to dod.has done六过去完成时1结束性动作-即“已完成”，表示在过去某一时间之前就已完成了的动作。常有 by,before,until

11、,as soon as,when,because 等引导的短语或从句，表示过去的时间。-By the end of last year,he had learned about 1,000 words.-第 4 页Preposition(G)1.in,on,atyesterday morningin the morningtomorrow morningyesterday afternoonin the afternoontomorrow afternoonyesterday eveningin the eveningtomorrow eveningthis morningthis after

12、noonat dawnthis eveningat noonat nightBefore day we use on:on Sunday(Monday.)on Sunday morningon Oct.1on the afternoon of Oct.1on May Dayon the morning of May Dayon National Dayon the evening of National Dayon Christmason Christmas eveon a cold winter morning,on a hot June afternoon,etc.In the conce

13、pt of space:arrive in New York;arrive at the stationin London,Tokyo,etc.but at the bus stop2.overonabove超过（或低于）某高度、标准。underbeneathbelowe.g.above the sea level(海拔)直上，直下（接触表面的）上下below O degree3.except1.They all went to sleep except the young Frenchman.2.He rarely went anywhere except to his office.3.T

14、he windows were never opened except to air the room for a few minutesin the morning.besidesBesides English,he has to study German and French.except for 1.The room was bare of furniture except for a few chairs.2.The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.except that(when,after,etc.)1.

15、This suit fits me well except that the trousers are too long.2.Its a satisfactory hat,except that it doesnt fit me.3.Mr.Smith used to go fishing every weekend except when he was ill.1.The art exhibition was well designed,_ the disarrangement of a few pieces ofphotos.a.exceptb.besidesc.except ford.in

16、 addition to2.She hurried when she knew that everybody was ready _ her.a.exceptb.except forc.besided.besides3._ being used in industry,laser can be applied to operations in the hospital.a.Except forb.Except thatc.In addition tod.Beside4._ coal,the most important natural fuels are gas and oil.a.Excep

17、t forb.Exceptc.Besidesd.Beside(Apart from)-第 5 页5.At the far side of the yard there was a kitchen garden(菜园),and _ that wasthe orchard(果园).(再过去是果园)a.apart fromb.exceptc.except ford.beyond6.The compositions by the freshmen class are well-written _ a few errors inspelling and grammar.a.unlessb.except

18、thatc.except ford.besides-第 6 页Nouns(G)1.Uncountable nouns:advice,anger,applause,baggage(luggage),cake,chalk,chocolate,cloth,clothing,bread,damage,equipment,evidence,food,fruit,furniture,gold,homework,housework,information,ink,jewellery,knowledge,machinery,mail(邮件),money,music,news,paper,personnel,p

19、ostage(邮资，邮费),protection,rice(salt,sugar,tea),scenery,soap,sugar,toothpaste,traffic,transportation,weaponry,weather,work.2.有些不可数名词以复数形式出现时，其含义会发生变化。Ten years had passed,I found she had _.(81)a.a little white hairb.some white hairc.much white haird.a few white hairs-I found a long black hair in my so

20、up.-He bought apples,oranges and other fruits.(多种水果)communication(通讯)communications(通讯系统，通讯工具);content（内容）contents(目录);necessity(需要)necessities(必需品);ruin(毁灭)ruins(废墟，遗迹);sand(沙子)sands(沙地);wood(木材)woods(树林);work works(工厂，著作)Fossils(化石)of plant that have been extinct(灭绝)for fifty million years have be

21、enabcfound near the Baltic Sea.ddeer,fish,sheep-第 7 页Agreement(G)一1.在 There be 结构中：-There is a box of matches in the kitchen.-There seems to be little time left.2.在主谓倒装结构中：-After the exams is the time to relax.-Here come the nine noisy children from next door.-Here comes the bus.但 Here they are.-Her

22、e is a pen,a few envelops and some paper in the drawer.（邻近一致）二主语与谓语之间有修饰语时，主语的数不受修饰语的影响：-Unemployment as well as taxes influences votes.以下均不影响主语的数：accompanied by,along with,together with,as well as,but,except,in addition to,including,instead of,like,more than,no less than,not to mention,rather than(

23、而不是).-John,together with his family,is flying to London.-Taxes,not to mention unemployment,influence votes.三单数主语。1不定式短语、动名词和名词从句作主语时，谓语用单数：-To become doctors is their ambition.-Reading without comprehension is no good.-What that country needs is more jobs and lower taxes.2.事件、国名、机构名称、书籍及其他作品 的名称作主语时

24、，谓语用单数：-The United Nations was formed in 1945.-The Daily News says its going to rain.3.下列或限定词作主语或修饰主语时，谓语用单数：every,each(of),everyone(everybody),one of(+复数),either,neither.-Every silver knife,fork,and spoon has to be counted.-Each book and magazine is listed in the card catalog.-Neither(one)is satisf

25、actory.(-Many a college student wishes to return the easy days of high school.-Agreat/good many books have been written on the subject.)四复数主语。下列不定代词作主语时，谓语用复数：both(of),few(of),many,several-Several of the regular members were absent.五一些表示数量的短语作主语。1.a lot of,all of,any of,most of,some of,none of 谓语取决于

26、 of 后名词的数。-The number of students in the class is fifteen.-Anumber of students were late.-第 8 页六复合主语。1.由 and 或 both.and.连接两个主语时，谓语一般用复数。但：His friend and manager of the company was cool to his suggestion.a French and Chinese dictionary;a French and a Chinese dictionaries单数名词前有两个并列的形容词修饰时，谓语常用复数。-Soci

27、al and political freedom are limited there.(=Social freedom and political freedom)2.当 or,either.or,neither.nor 或 not only.but also 连接一个单数主语和一个复数主语时，谓语用“毗邻一致”原则。-Neither the quality nor the prices have changed.Neither the prices nor the quality has changed.七集体名词用作主语：-The family is the basic unit of o

28、ur society.The family are always quarreling.常用的集体名词有：army,audience,band,board,class,club,committee,crew,crowd,family,firm,flock,gang,government,group,jury,majority,minority,orchestra,party,public,staff,swarm,team,troop 等。八在定语从句中的主谓语一致：-That is one of those remarks that are intended to start argument

29、s.-She is the only one of those girls who is willing to take a make-up exam.九表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、数字等以总量计时，谓语用单数：-Eight hours of sleep is enough.-Five hundred thousand dollars is quite a large sum of money.-Three thousand miles is to far to travel.Cf.-Their last four years have been full of surprises.-Ther

30、e are two silver dollars in each of the stockings.十以-ces 或 s 结尾的名词作主语，谓语一般用单数。physics,economics,electronics,mathematics,civics(公民学),ethics(伦理学)，politics,statistics,etc.但用来表示“活动”或“个别、具体”事实时，谓语用复数：-Statistics is a field of study.Cf.The statistics in that report are not accurate.十一+the 与不+the 意义不同时：-Ch

31、inese is a difficult language.The Chinese are kind and friendly.-French is spoken in many countries.The French are famous for their good wines.十二“The+形容词/-ed 分词作主语时，谓语用复数：-The injured were taken to hospital.代词一致：-Neither Lynne nor Bess has her keys with her.-Neither the Browns nor the Greens like th

32、eir cars.(邻近原则)somebody.,anyone.,something.,either(neither),each,one,no one 作主语时，代词一般用单数。性：无法确定时用阳性.-Aperson needs to see his dentist twice a year.-第 9 页Comparison(G)(-y,ow,le,r,st+er,est:narrower,busier,noblest)一.排斥问题：This room is _ in the building.a.biggest than any other oneb.bigger than any onec

33、.bigger than any other oned.bigger as any other oneHerbert studies _ student in the class.a.hardest than any otherb.harder than anyc.harder than any otherd.harder as anye.g.He is taller than anyone else in our class.二.替代问题：The weather of this year is better than that of last year.(that 代不可数名词，指物)Ane

34、cklace made of glass is far cheaper than one made of diamond.(one 只可代可数名词，可指人、物)三.倍数问题：倍数后现不用 more than,要用 as much(or many)as1.The new model costs twice as much as last years model.2.Staying in hotel costs _ renting a room in a dormitory for a week.a.twice more thanb.as much twice asc.twice as much

35、asd.as much as twice四.同级比较：肯定用:as+原级+as否定用:not so(as)+原级+as五.修饰比较级的状语有：still,even;much,far,a lot,a great deal;a little,a bit;five years 等。1.My brother is 5 years older than I.2.He studies far better than you(do).六.The more.the more1.The harder you study,the better you will serve the people.2.The bet

36、ter people are able to communicate,the greater the chances are of achievingan enduring peace in the world.3.The longer you work,the more you will learn.七.限定词数词描述性形容词大小、长短、形状的形容词年龄、新旧色彩形容词类属形容词（国籍、地区、出处）用途类别表材料形容词被修饰名词the first two books;the two rather beautiful pictures;some beautiful little red flo

37、wers;an expensive blue Chinese vase;a rather beautiful green Chinese woolen carpetan expensive new Japanese sports car(一辆昂贵的新型日本跑车)that beautiful slim young foreign lady(那位漂亮、苗条的年轻外国小姐)Mrs.Brown has _ car.a.beautiful newAmericanb.a newAmerican beautifulc.a new beautifulAmericand.anAmerican beautiful

38、 newThere is _.a.a gray,gloomy-looking(幽暗),wooden house-第 10 页b.a wooden,gray,gloomy-looking housec.a gloomy-looking,gray,wooden housed.a gloomy-looking,wooden,gray house八.某些源自拉丁语以-or 结尾的形容词，没有原级，只有比较级。如：superior to,inferior to;senior(年长的、较高级的),junior(年幼的，较低级的);prior(先于、更重要的),posterior(较后的、后于),全都跟to

39、 不用 than(equal,similar)-Mr.Johnson is superior to him in ability.-He is three years senior to me.九准关系代词 than 的用法：1.Children should not have more money than is needed.2.There were more casualties than was reported.(than,not that or who)1.The task was far more difficult than had been expected.-第 11 页I

40、nfinitive(G)一作主语-To get high marks in the entrance exam of postgraduate in a short time is a hard nut.It is really a hard nut to get high marks in the entrance exam of postgraduate in a.-To learn English is very important It is very important to learn English.-When to start hasnt been decided.It has

41、nt been decided when to start.-It is possible for us to get there before dark.-It is quite important for us to read good books during the period of general review.在某些形容词（如 kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly wrong,right,foolish,stupid careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite 等）作表语时，不定式前常可加 of引

42、出逻辑主语。-Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal.(他们拒绝采纳这个建议是不明智的.)二作表语：-His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.-The purpose of inductive(归纳)logic is to infer general laws from particularoccurrences.三作定语：-She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings.-The teacher assi

43、gned us two exercises to do at home.-She was the first person to think of the idea.-That girl has nothing to worry about.-He has a lot of trifles to deal with.-Lets first find a room to put the things in.一些表示企图、努力、倾向的名词后面需接不定式作定语：ability,ambition,attempt,determination,decision,effort,intention,need,

44、opportunity,reason,right,tendency,way,wish,etc.-This book is an attempt _ English and recognize how it is used.(82)a.helping you to useb.helping you usec.to help you used.to help you using四作宾语：1用不定式做宾语的动词有:agree,aim,appear,arrange,ask,attempt,choose,claim,continue,decide,decline(谢绝),demand,desire,de

45、termine,endeavor(努力，竭力)，expect,fail,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,long,manage,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,seek,swear(发誓),threaten,undertake(从事，着手),wish 等。-I cant afford to buy that luxury piece of furniture.2.动词+疑问代（付）词+不定式。这类动词常见的有：advise,decide,discuss,find out,forget,inquire,know,learn,regard,

46、remember,see,settle,teach,tell,think(=consider),understand,wonder 等。疑问代（付）词有 what,when,where,which,how,whether 等，但不包括 why:when to start.-第 12 页-He does not knowwho(m)to visit.which one to choose.3.形式宾语：-We find it difficult to get everything ready before the time you require.-I dont think it necessa

47、ry to argue with the on this problem.-All these noises _ with the work.a.made me impossible to go onb.made me impossible going onc.made it impossible for me to go ond.makes it impossible for me to go on五作宾补：1.-I expect you to come early.-The teacher left us to solve the hard problems.-He asked us no

48、t to go there tomorrow.可以跟不定式作宾补的动词有：advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,command,drive,encourage,expect,forbid,force,hate,get,intend,invite,like,order,permit,persuade,remind,teach,tell,trust,urge,want,warn 等表示“致使”等意义。2.表示感觉的动词 see,hear,feel,watch,notice,observe,listen to,look at 和 have,let,make 后的宾语可接不带 to 的

49、不定式。-I often hear them sing this song.-We heard someone come up the stairs.(Someone was heard to come up the stairs.)六作状语：1表示目的：-Thousands of people go to south to earn money.(or in order to.)-To save time and labor,cartoonists generally draw the hands of the characters with onlythree fingers and a

50、thumb.2.表示结果：so.(+a.).as to;such.(+n.).as to;enough to.;too.to.;only to.-We have got so plenty of food as to treat our guests.-Is that room big enough to seat all of us?-He is too angry to speak.-One is not too old to learn.-He is too angry not to so that.他在盛怒之下才说出这样的话来。3表示原因：-Im sorry to interrupt