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1、单片机外文文单片机外文文献献湖湖 南南 科科 技技 大大 学学英文文献翻译英文文献翻译学学 生生 姓姓 名：名：学学院：院：机电工程学院机电工程学院专业及班级专业及班级：学学号：号：指 导 教 师：指 导 教 师：二一 八 年五月二十九日-第-1-页英文文献英文文献Single-chipSCM is also known as micro-controller(Microcontroller Unit),commonly used letters ofthe acronym MCU that it was first used in industrial control.Only a sing

2、le chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor.The firstdesign is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system,smaller,more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which.INTELsZ80 is the first designed in accordance with

3、this idea processor,then on thedevelopment of microcontroller and dedicated processors have parted ways.Are 8-bit microcontroller early or4 bits.One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031,for a simple,reliable and good performance was a lot of praise.Then developed in 8031 outof MCS51 MCU Systems.

4、SCM systems based on this system until now is still widely used.With the increased requirements of industrial control field,began a 16-bit microcontroller,because the cost is not satisfactory but have not been very widely used.After 90 years withthe great development of consumer electronics,microcon

5、troller technology has been a hugeincrease.With INTEL i960 series,especially the later series of widely used ARM,32-bitmicrocontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status and enter the mainstream market.The traditional 8-bit microcontroller performance have been the rapid increase capacityinc

6、rease compared to 80 the number of times.Currently,high-end 32-bit microcontrollerclocked over 300MHz,the performance catching the mid-90s dedicated processor,while theaverage model prices fall to one U.S.dollars,the most high-end 1 model only 10dollars.Modern SCM systems are no longer only in the d

7、evelopment and use of bare metalenvironment,a large number of proprietary embedded operating system is widely used in thefull range of SCM.The handheld computers and cell phones as the core processing ofhigh-end microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems.SCM is more

8、 suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems,so it was upto the application.In fact the number of SCM is the worlds largest computer.Modern humanlife used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated singlechip.Phone,telephone,calculator,home appli

9、ances,electronic toys,handheld computers andcomputer accessories such as a mouse with a 1-2 in both the Department of SCM.Personalcomputer will have a large number of SCM in the work.General car with more than 40 SCM,complex industrial control systems may even have hundreds of SCM in the same time w

10、ork!SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other computing the sum,or even morethan the number of human beings-第-2-页Single chip,also known as single-chip microcontroller,it is not complete a certain logicchips,but to a computer system integrated into a chip.Equivalent to a micro-computer,a

11、ndcomputer than just the lack of a microcontroller I/O devices.General talk:a chip becomes acomputer.Its small size,light weight,cheap,for the study,application and development offacilities provided.At the same time,learning to use the MCU is to understand the principleand structure of the computer

12、the best choice.SCM and the computer functions internally with similar modules,such as CPU,memory,parallel bus,the same effect as well,and hard disk memory devices,and different is itsperformance of these components were relatively weak many of our home computer,but theprice is low,usually not more

13、than 10 yuan you can do with it.some control for a class isnot very complicated electrical work is enough of.We are using automatic drum washingmachine,smoke hood,VCD and so on appliances which could see its shadow!.It isprimarily as a control section of the core componentsIt is an online real-time

14、control computer,control-line is that the scene is needed is astronger anti-jamming ability,low cost,and this is,and off-line computer(such as home PC),the main difference.Single chipMCU is through running,and can be modified.Through different procedures to achievedifferent functions,in particular s

15、pecial unique features,this is another device much effortneeds to be done,some great efforts are very difficult to do.A not very complex functions ifthe 50s with the United States developed 74 series,or the 60s CD4000 series of these purehardware buttoned,then the circuit must be a large PCB board!B

16、ut if the United States if the70s with a series of successful SCM market,the result will be a drastic change!Just becauseyou are prepared by microcomputer programs can achieve high intelligence,high efficiencyand high reliability!As the microcontroller on the cost-sensitive,so now the dominant softw

17、are or the lowestlevel assembly language,which is the lowest level in addition to more than binary machinecode language,and as so low why is the use?Many high-level language has reached the levelof visual programming Why is not it?The reason is simply that there is no home computer asa single chip C

18、PU,not as hard as a mass storage device.A visualization of small high-levellanguage program which even if only one button,will reach tens of K of size!For the homePCs hard drive in terms of nothing,but in terms of the MCU is not acceptable.SCM in theutilization of hardware resources to be very high

19、for the job so although the original is still inthe compilation of a lot of use.The same token,if the giant computer operating system andapplications run up to get home PC,home PC,also can not afford to.-第-3-页Can be said that the twentieth century across the three power era,that is,the age ofelectri

20、city,the electronic age and has entered into the computer age.However,this computer,usually refers to the personal computer,referred to as PC.It consists of the host,keyboard,monitor and other components.Another type of computer,most people do not know how.Thiscomputer is to give all kinds of intell

21、igent machines single chip(also known asmicro-controller).As the name suggests,this computer system took only a minimal integratedcircuit,can be a simple operation and control.Because it is small,usually hidden in thecharged mechanical stomach in.It is in the device,like the human brain plays a role

22、,it goeswrong,the whole plant was paralyzed.Now,this microcontroller has a very broad field of use,such as smart meters,real-time industrial control,communications equipment,navigationsystems,and household appliances.Once all kinds of products were using SCM,can serve toupgrade the effectiveness of

23、products,often in the product name preceded by the adjective-intelligent,such as intelligent washing machines.Now some technical personnel of factoriesor other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain products,not the circuit istoo complicated,that function is too simple and can ea

24、sily be copied.The reason may bestuck in the product did not use a microcontroller or other programmable logic device.SCM historySCM was born in the late 20th century,70,experienced SCM,MCU,SOC three stages.First model1.SCM the single chip microcomputer(Single Chip Microcomputer)stage,mainlyseeking

25、the best of the best single form of embedded systems architecture.Innovationmodel success,laying the SCM and general computer completely different path ofdevelopment.In the open road of independent development of embedded systems,IntelCorporation contributed.2.MCU the micro-controller(Micro Controll

26、er Unit)stage,the main direction oftechnology development:expanding to meet the embedded applications,the target systemrequirements for the various peripheral circuits and interface circuits,highlight the object ofintelligent control.It involves the areas associated with the object system,therefore,

27、thedevelopment of MCUs responsibility inevitably falls on electrical,electronics manufacturers.From this point of view,Intel faded MCU development has its objective factors.In thedevelopment of MCU,the most famous manufacturers as the number of Philips Corporation.Philips company in embedded applica

28、tions,its great advantage,the MCS-51 single-chipmicro-computer from the rapid development of the micro-controller.Therefore,when we lookback at the path of development of embedded systems,do not forget Intel and Philips inHistory.-第-4-页Embedded SystemsEmbedded system microcontroller is an independen

29、t development path,the MCU importantfactor in the development stage,is seeking applications to maximize the solution on the chip;Therefore,the development of dedicated single chip SOC trend of the natural form.As themicroelectronics,IC design,EDA tools development,application system based on MCU SOC

30、design have greater development.Therefore,the understanding of the microcontroller chipmicrocomputer can be,extended to the single-chip micro-controller applications.MCU applicationsSCM now permeate all areas of our lives,which is almost difficult to find traces of the fieldwithout SCM.Missile navig

31、ation equipment,aircraft,all types of instrument control,computer network communications and data transmission,industrial automation,real-timeprocess control and data processing,extensive use of various smart IC card,civilian luxurycar security system,video recorder,camera,fully automatic washing ma

32、chine control,andprogram-controlled toys,electronic pet,etc.,which are inseparable from the microcontroller.Not to mention the area of robot control,intelligent instruments,medical equipment was.Therefore,the MCU learning,development and application of the large number of computerapplications and in

33、telligent control of the scientists,engineers.SCM is widely used in instruments and meters,household appliances,medical equipment,aerospace,specialized equipment,intelligent management and process control fields,roughlydivided into the following several areas:1.In the application of Intelligent Inst

34、rumentsSCM has a small size,low power consumption,controlling function,expansion flexibility,theadvantages of miniaturization and ease of use,widely used instrument,combining differenttypes of sensors can be realized Zhuru voltage,power,frequency,humidity,temperature,flow,speed,thickness,angle,lengt

35、h,hardness,elemental,physical pressure measurement.SCMmakes use of digital instruments,intelligence,miniaturization,and functionality thanelectronic or digital circuits more powerful.Such as precision measuring equipment(powermeter,oscilloscope,various analytical instrument).2.In the industrial cont

36、rol applicationWith the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems,data acquisition system.Such asfactory assembly line of intelligent control3.In Household Appliancescan be said that the appliances are basically using SCM,praise from the electric rice,washingmachines,refrigerators,air conditio

37、ners,color TV,and other audio video equipment,to theelectronic weighing equipment,varied,and omnipresent.-第-5-页4.In the field of computer networks and communications applicationsMCU general with modern communication interface,can be easy with the computer datacommunication,networking and communicati

38、ons in computer applications between deviceshad excellent material conditions,are basically all communication equipment to achieve acontrolled by MCU from mobile phone,telephone,mini-program-controlled switchboards,building automated communications call system,train radio communication,to the daily

39、workcan be seen everywhere in the mobile phones,trunked mobile radio,walkie-talkies,etc.5.Microcomputer in the field of medical device applicationsSCM in the use of medical devices is also quite extensive,such as medical respirator,thevarious analyzers,monitors,ultrasound diagnostic equipment and ho

40、spital beds,etc.callsystem.6.In a variety of major appliances in the modular applicationsDesigned to achieve some special single specific function to be modular in a variety of circuitapplications,without requiring the use of personnel to understand its internal structure.Ifmusic integrated single c

41、hip,seemingly simple function,miniature electronic chip in the net(the principle is different from the tape machine),you need a computer similar to the principleof the complex.Such as:music signal to digital form stored in memory(like ROM),read bythe microcontroller,analog music into electrical sign

42、als(similar to the sound card).In large circuits,modular applications that greatly reduce the volume,simplifies the circuitand reduce the damage,error rate,but also easy to replace.7.Microcontroller in the application field of automotive equipmentSCM in automotive electronics is widely used,such as

43、a vehicle engine controller,CANbus-based Intelligent Electronic Control Engine,GPS navigation system,abs anti-lockbraking system,brake system,etc.In addition,the MCU in business,finance,research,education,national defense,aerospaceand other fields has a very wide range of applications.Application of

44、 six important part of learningMCU learning an important part of the six applications1,Bus:We know that a circuit is always made by the devices connected by wires,in analog circuits,the connection does not become a problem because the device is a serial relationship betweenthe general,the device is

45、not much connection between the,but the computer is not the samecircuit,it is a microprocessor core,the device must be connected with the microprocessor,thedevice must be coordination between,so they need to connect on a lot,as if still analog circuitlike the microprocessor and devices in the connec

46、tion between the individual,the number of-第-6-页lines will be a little more surprising,therefore the introduction of the microprocessor busZhong Each device Gongtong access connections,all devices 8 Shuju line all received eightpublic online,that is the equivalent of all devices together in parallel,

47、but only this does notwork,if there are two devices send data at the same time,a 0,a 1,then,whether the receiverreceived what is it?This situation is not allowed,so to be controlled by controlling the line,time-sharing the device to work at any time only one device to send data(which can havemultipl

48、e devices to receive both).Devices data connection is known as the data bus,thedevice is called line of control all the control bus.Internal or external memory in themicrocontroller and other devices have memory cells,the memory cell to be assignedaddresses,you can use,distribution,of course,to addr

49、ess given in the form of electricalsignals,and as more memory cells,so,for the address allocation The line is also more of theselines is called the address bus.Second,data,address,commandThe reason why these three together because of the nature of these three are the same-thenumber,or are a string o

50、f 0 and 1 form the sequence.In other words,addresses,instructionsare also data.Instruction:from single chip designer provides a number of commonly usedinstructions with mnemonic we have a strict correspondence between the developer can notbe changed by the MCU.Address:the search for MCU internal,ext