胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第3版）笔记和考研真题详解.docx

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1、目录内容简介目录第1章语言学导论1.1 复习笔记1.2 考研真题与典型题详解第2章语音2.1 复习笔记2.2 考研真题与典型题详解第3章词汇3.1 复习笔记3.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第4章句法：从语词到篇章 41复习笔记3.3 考研真题与典型题详解 第5章意义5.1 复习笔记5.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第6章语言与认知6.1 复习笔记6.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第7章语言文化社会7.1 复习笔记7.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第8章语言的使用8.1 复习笔记8.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第9章语言与文学9.1 复习笔记9.2 考研真题与典型题详解 第10章语言和计算机10.1 复习笔记1

2、0.2 考研真题与典型题详解第11章语言学与语言教学11.1 复习笔记11.2 考研真题与典型题详解第12章现代语言学理论与流派12.1 复习笔记12.2 考研真题与典型题详解第1章语言学导论1.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. The definition and the design features of language语言的定义与特征2. The origin and the function of language语言的起源和功能3. Main branches of linguistics study语言学研究的范围和内容4. Important distinctions in Lin

3、guistics语言学的一些重要区分本章考点：1 .有关语言的常考考点语言的定义；语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位性、文化传递和互换性）； 语言的功能（提供信息、人际交往、施为、表达情感、寒暄、娱乐、元语言）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说（“汪汪”，噗噗”，哟嘿吼理论），进化说）等。2 .有关语言学的常考考点（1）语言学的定义，现代语言学与传统语法学研究的三个显著区别。（2）语言学研究的四个原则及其简要说明。语言学中几组重要区别，每组两个概念的含 义、区分及其意义。（3）普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴。（4）宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。本章内容索引：I

4、. Definition of languageII. Design features of language1. Arbitrariness2. Duality3. Creativity4. Displacement5. Cultural Transmission6. InterchangeabilityIII. Origin of language1. The Biblical account2. The bow-wow theory3. The pooh-pooh theory4. The yo-he-ho theory5. The evolution theoryIV. Functio

5、ns of language1. Informative function2. Interpersonal function3. Performative function4. Emotive function5. Phatic function6. Recreational function7. Metalingual functionV . Definition of linguisticsVI Branches of linguistics1. Microlinguistics2. MacrolinguisticsVII. Important concepts and their dis

6、tinctions1. Descriptive vs. Prescriptive2. Synchronic vs. Diachronic3. Langue vs. Parole4. Competence vs. Performance5. Etic vs. Emic6. Traditional Grammar vs. Modem Grammar7. Linguistic Potential vs. Actual Linguistic Behavior Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communica

7、tion. This definition has revealed five essential factors of language: systematic, arbitrary, vocal, symbolic and most importantly human-specific.语言是人类以口头交流的任意的符号系统。该定义揭示了语言的五个要素：系统，任意， 口头，符号，人类。II. The design features of language （语言的定义特征）【考点：名词解释&填空】Design features refer to the defining properties

8、 of human languages that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言的定义特征是人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点。1. Arbitrariness （任意性）It is the core feature of language, which refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated w

9、ith, it is not entirely arbitrary at all levels. Some words, such as the ones created in the imitation of sounds by sounds are motivated in a certain degree.任意性是语言的核心特征，是指符号的形式或者声音与意义之间没有逻辑或内在联系。 虽然语言从本质上讲是任意的，但也不是完全任意的。一些词语，例如一些拟声词的发音 与其意义还是有一定联系的。2. Duality （二重性）Duality refers to the property of h

10、aving two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of two levels has its own principles of organization. The property of duality only exists in such a system, namely, with both elements （e.g. sounds, letters） and units （e.g.

11、words）.二重性是指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的 组合规则。二重性只存在于这样的系统之中，既有元素又有它们组合成的单位。3. Creativity （创造性）Creativity means language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness, which enables human beings to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native langu

12、age, including the sentences which were never heard before.创造性指语言的能产性，它能够使人造出和理解无穷的长句，其中很多句子是以前从未听 过的。4. Displacement （移位性）Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present （in time and space） at the moment of communication.Dis

13、placement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalizations and abstractions.移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物 体、事件和观点。移位性赋予人们的概括和想象力使人类受益无穷。5. Cultural Transmission （文化传递性）Language is culturally transmitted. It cannot be transmitted through heredity.语言不是靠遗传，而是通过文化传递的。6.

14、 Interchangeability （互换性）Interchangeability refers to the fact that man can both produce and receive messages, and his roles as a speaker and a hearer can be exchanged at ease.互换性是指人可以是信息的发出者，也可以是信息的接受者，即人作为说话者和听话者的 角色是可以随意更换的。III. Origin of language （语言的起源）1. The Biblical account （圣经的记载） Language w

15、as Gods gift to human beings. 语言是上帝的恩赐。2. The bow-wow theory （“汪汪理论）Language was an imitation of natural sounds, such as the cries of animals, like quack, cuckoo. 语言是模仿自然的声音，例如动物的叫声，如（鸭子）的刮刮声，嘎嘎声，布谷鸟的叫声。3. The pooh-pooh theory （“噗噗理论）Language arose from instinctive emotional cries, expression of pai

16、n or joy.语言来源于人本能的情感声音，表达疼痛或喜悦。Language arose from the noises made by a group of people engaged in joint labour or effort lifting a huge hunted game, moving a rock, etc.语言起源于原始人共同劳动时发出的有节奏的哼哟声。5. The evolution theory （进化理论）Language originated in the process of labour and answered the call of social

17、need.语言起源于劳动的过程，满足了社会的需求。IV. Functions of language （语言的功能）【考点：判断所描述的是语言的何种功能&名词解释】1. Informative function （信息功能）Language is used to tell something, to give information, or to reason things out. The informative function is regarded as the most important function. Declarative sentences serve this func

18、tion. 语言用来陈述某件事情，提供信息或用作推理。信息功能是语言最重要的功能，一般出现 在陈述句中。2. Interpersonal function （人际功能）The interpersonal function is considered as the most important sociological use of language, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society.人际功能是语言最重要的社会功能。人们由此建立和维持他们的身份和社会地位。3. Performative functi

19、on （施为功能）The performative function of language is primarily used to change the social status of persons, such as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies. The kind of language employed in p

20、erformative verbal acts is usually quite formal and even ritualized.语言的施为功能主要是用来改变人的社会地位，例如在婚礼、判刑，为孩子祈福和在首航 仪式上为船命名、诅咒敌人。在这些言语行为中，语言通常是非常正式的，甚至是仪式化 的。4. Emotive function （感情功能）The emotive function of language is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucial in changing the emoti

21、onal status of an audience for or against someone or something. 语言的感情功能是语言最有用的功能之一，因为它在改变听者赞成或反对某人、某物的态 度上作用非常关键。5. Phatic function （寒暄功能）This function refers to expressions that help define and maintain interpersonal relations, such as slangs, jokes, jargons, ritualistic exchanges, switches to soci

22、al and regional dialects.寒暄功能是指那些有助于确立和维持人际关系的表达，例如俚语、玩笑、行话、礼节性的 问候、社会方言或地域方言的转用等。6. Recreational function （娱乐功能）The recreational function refers to the use of language for the sheer joy of it, such as a babys babbling or a chanters chanting.语言的娱乐功能是指纯粹为了娱乐而使用语言，例如婴儿的呀呀学语，歌者的吟唱。7. Metalingual functi

23、on （元语言功能）The metalingual function refers to the fact that our language can be used to talk about itself. 语言的元语言功能是指语言可以用来讨论语言本身。V. Definition of linguistics （语言学的定义）Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language or, the scientific study of language. It not only fbcus on a particular lang

24、uage, but is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. The four principles which make linguistic a science are exhaustiveness, consistency, economy and objectivity.语言学通常被定义为研究科学的语言，或对语言的科学研究。它不仅仅关注某种特定的语 言，而是基于一些语

25、言结构的综合理论，对语料进行的系统研究。语言学研究的科学性可 以归纳为：穷尽性、一致性、简洁性以及客观性。VI. Branches of linguistics （语言学的分支）1. MicrolinguisticsIntradisciplinary divisions （微观语言学）Phonetics语音学Phonology音系学Morphology 形态学Syntax句法学Semantics语义学Pragmatics语用学2. MacrolinguisticsInterdisciplinary divisions （宏观语言学）Psycholinguistics 心理语言学Sociolin

26、guistics 社会语言学Applied linguistics应用语言学Computational linguistics计算语言学Neurolinguistics 神经语言学VII. Important concepts and their distinctions （重要概念及其区分）1. Descriptive vs. Prescriptive （描写式与规定式）To say that linguistics is a descriptive science means that linguists tried to discover and record the rules to

27、which the members of a language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness. Prescriptive linguistics aims to lay down rules for the correct use of language and settle the disputes over usage once and fbr all. The distinction lies in describ

28、ing how things are and prescribing how things ought to be.把语言说成描述性的科学是说语言学家试图发现和记录同一语言共同体的成员所遵循的规 则，并不是强加给它们其他规则或正确的标准。规定式的语言学目的在于为正确使用语言 定下各种规则，一劳永逸地解决用法上的争议。它们最主要的区别就在于前者描述事情怎 样而后者规定事情应该如何。2. Synchronic vs. Diachronic （共时与历时）Language can be studied at a given point in time or over time. When we st

29、udy language at a particular time, it is called synchronic linguistics. When we study language developments through time, it is called diachronic or historical linguistics. Synchronic linguistics focuses on the state of language at any points in history while diachronic linguistics focuses on the di

30、fferences in two or more than two states of language over decades or centuries.语言研究可以是在一个给定的时间也可以是一段时间。当我们集中在某一点时间来研究语 言时就叫做共时语言学。当我们研究随着时间发展的语言时就叫做历时语言学。共时语言 学集中研究历史任何时期点的语言现状，而历时语言学集中研究几十年或几百年的时期内 两个或比两个更多的语言状况的差异。3. Langue vs. Parole （语言与言语）Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the

31、speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics （utterances） as langue and parole. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Parole refers to particular realizations of langue.索绪尔用语言和言语来区分说话者的语言能力和言语上(表达的)的实际表现或语料。语言 是指一个语言群体的所有成员所共有的抽象的

32、语言系统。言语是指语言的具体实现和运用。4. Competence vs. Performance (语言能力和语言应用)【考点：解释SaussurefUChomsky的两对概念的异同】(1) Chomsky made the fundamental difference between competence and performance.(2) A language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence.(3) Performance refers t

33、o the actual use of language in concrete situations.(1)乔姆斯基提出了语言能力和语言应用的根本区别。(2) 一名语言使用者对于语言规则系统的潜在认识称为他的语言能力， (3)语言运用指在具体场景中语言的实际运用。5. Etic vs. Emic (唯素的与唯位的)(1) Etic refers to the linguistic units containing ”-etic”, for example, phonetic, morphetic, which are used to describe linguistic facts in

34、detail without distinctive features, and are first used to describe sounds.(2) Emic refers to the linguistic units containing -emic”, for instance, phonemic, morphemic, which are used to describe abstract linguistic rules with distinctive features and are first used to describe phonemes.(!)唯素的是指具有“素

35、”的语言单位，如音素、词素，是对语言事实的细节描写，不具 有区别性特征，最早用于音素描写。(2)唯位是指具有“位”的抽象语言单位，如音位、词位，用来描述抽象的语言规则，具 有区别性特征，最早用于音位描写。6. Traditional Grammar vs. Modern Grammar (传统语法与现代语法)Traditional grammar can be considered as prescriptive; it is based on tthigh (religious, literary) written language. It sets models fbr language

36、users to follow. But Modem linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be scientific and objective and the task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is “correct“ or not.传统语法是规定式的

37、，是基于高度的书面语。它为语言使用者提供可供遵循的模式。但 是现代语法是描写式的，对法的研究是基于真实的并且主要是口语化的语言数据。它应该 是比较科学和客观的，而语言学家的任务也应该是描述人们如何在实际中使用语言，无论 其是否“正确7. Linguistic Potential vs. Actual Linguistic Behavior （语言潜势与实际语言行为）Halliday thinks that with language, there is a wide range of things that a speaker can do in the culture he is in. T

38、he set of possibility for “doing“ is termed linguistic potential from a functional languages view. What a speaker actually says on a particular occasion to a particular individual is what he has selected from the many possible things he could have said. This actual selection of things from what one

39、could have is termed actual linguistic behavior.韩礼德认为，通过语言说话者可以在其生活的文化环境里做一系列广泛的事情。从语言功 能的角度来看，“做”的可能性就被定义为语言潜势。说话者在某一特定的场所对某个特定 的个体来说，是从其所能说得多种可能的内容中挑选而来的。这种说话者从言语中所做的 实际选择就叫做实际言语行为。1.2考研真题与典型题详解I. Fill in the blanks.1. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and of language makesl

40、earning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is this feature of language that is more worth noticing than its arbitrariness.（大连外国语学院2008研）【答案】Conventionality【解析】语言学习过程中学习者必须识记一些固定搭配或约定俗成的习语谚语等 ,因此使得语言学习比较费力。2. In Saussures view, the relationship between signified sound image）

41、 and signified （concept） is .（北二外2005研）【答案】Arbitrary【解析】索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之 间的关系是任意的。3. Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the it is associated with.（人大2007研）【答案】Meaning【解析】参见第2题解析。4. The fe

42、atures that define our human languages can be called features.（北二夕卜2006研）【答案】Design【解析】人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语 言特有的特征。5. Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present （in time and space） at the moment of communication. This quality is labe

43、led as.（北二外2007研）【答案】Displacement【解析】移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间 上不可及的物体、事件和观点。6. By is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of theprimary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.（北二

44、夕卜2005研）【答案】duality【解析】双重性是指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分 ,每层都有自身的组合规则。7. Halliday proposes a theory of metafunctions of language, that is, language has, interpersonal and textual functions.（中山大学2008研）【答案】ideational【解析】韩理德将儿童的语言功能范围逐渐缩小，简化成为一套高度符号化和抽 象化的功能：概念、人际、语篇功能。8. Our language can be used to talk

45、 about itself. This is the function oflanguage.（中山大学2005研）【答案】metal ingual【解析】语言的元语言功能是指语言可以用来讨论语言本身。9. function is realized by mood and modality.（中山大学2（X）6研）【答案】Interpersonal【解析】人际功能通过语气情态实现。10. refers to the role language plays in communication （e.g. to express ideas, attitudes） or in particular s

46、ocial situations （e.g. Religious, legal）.（北二外2016研）【答案】Function【解析】本题考查语言学中对“语言的功能”的定义。功能指的是语言在沟通中（例 如表达观点、态度）或在特定社交场合（如宗教、法律）中所起的作用。11. Some sentences do not describe things. They cannot be said to be true or false. The utterance of these sentences is or is a part of the doing of an action. They ar

47、e called.（大连外国语学院2008研）【答案】Performative【解析】施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真 假。12. When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is function.（北二夕卜2005研）【答案】phatic【解析】寒暄功能是指那些有助于确立和维持人际关系的表达，例如俚语、玩笑 、行话、礼节性的问

48、候、社会方言或地域方言的转用等。13. Linguistics is usually defined as the study of language.（北二外2003研）【答案】scientific【解析】语言学通常被定义为研究科学的语言，或对语言的科学研究。14. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called.（北二外2003研）【答案】Phonology【解析】音系学研究支配语音分布和排列的规则以及音节的形式。15. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called.（北二外2004研）【答案】Morphology【解析】形态学研究词语的内部结构组织。