2022年大学英语考试真题卷一22测.docx

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1、2022年大学英语考试真题卷（本卷共分为1大题50小题,作答时间为!80分钟,总分100分,60分及格。）单位:姓名:考号:题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分、单项选择题（共50题,每题2分。每题的备选项中,只有一个最符合题意）1. We can begin our discussion of npopulat ion as gIobaI issue with what most persons mean when they discuss Hthe popuI at i on problem: too many peopIe on earth and a too rapid incr

2、ease in the number added each year. The facts are not in d i spute; it was quite right to empIoy the ana Iogy that Iikened demographic growth to a long, thin powder fuse that burns stead i I y and haltingly unti I it final ly reaches the charge and explodes. To understand the current situation, whic

3、h is characterized by rapid increases in popuI at i on, it is necessary to understand the history of popuI at i on trends. Rapid growth is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Looking back at the 8,000 years of demographic history, we find that popu I at i ons have been virtual ly stab I e or growing

4、very s I i ght I y for most of human history. For most of our ancestors, I ife was hard, often nasty, and very short. There was high fertiIity in most places, but this was usually ba Ianced by high mortality. For most of human history, it was seldom the case that one in ten persons would Iive past f

5、orty, while infancy and chiIdhood Were especially risky periods. Often, societies were in clear danger of extinetion because death rates could exceed their birthrates. Thus, the population problem throughout most of history was how to prevent extinetion of the human race. This pattern is important t

6、o notice. Not only does it put the current problems of demographic growth into a historical perspective, but it suggests that the cause of rapid increase in popuI at i on in recent years is not a sudden enthus i asm for more chiIdren, but an improvement in the conditions that traditionally have caus

7、ed high mortality. Demographic history can be divided into two major periods: a time of long, slow growth which extended from about 8000 B. G. till approximately 1650A. D. In the first period of some 9, 600 years, the popuI at i on increased from some 8 million to 500 million in 1650. Between 1650 a

8、nd 1975, the popu I at i on has increased from 500 million to more than 4 bi 11 ion. And the popu I at i on reached 6. 2 b i 11 i on throughout the wor Id by the year 2000. One way to appreciate this dramatic difference in such abstract numbers is to reduce the time frame to something that is more m

9、anageab I e. Between 8000B. C. and 1650, an average of on I y 50, 000 parsons was being added annua 11 y to the world s population. At present, this number is added every six hours. The increase is about 80, 000, 000 persons annually.Which of the fol lowing demographic growth patterns is most suitab

10、le for the long thin powder fuse ana IogyA. A virtually stable or slightly decreasing period and then a sudden explosion of population.B. A slow growth for a long time and then a period of rapid, dramatic increase.C. Too many people on earth and a few rapid increase in the number added each year.D.

11、A long period when death rates exceed birthrates and then a short period with higher fertility and lower mortality.2. Pol Iution: A Life and Death Issue One of the main themes of Planet under Pressure is the way many of the Earth s environmentaI crises reinforce one another. Pol Iut i on is an obv i

12、 ous examp Ie-we do not have the option of growing food, or finding enough water, on a squeaky- clean pIanet, but on one increasingly tarnished and trashed by the way we have used it so far. Cutting waste and clearing up pollution cost money. Yet time and again it is the quest for wea I th that gene

13、rates much of the mess in the first place. Living in a way that is less damaging to the Earth is not easy, but it is vital, because pollution is pervasive and often Iife-threatening.What is not said to be a way of cleaning up after ourselves A Throw less away. C Don t use it again. B Design recycled

14、 products, D Last longer.Air： the World Health Organization (WHO) says three million people are killed worldwide by outdoor air pollution annually from vehicles and industrial emissions, and 1. 6 million indoors through using solid fuel. Most are in poor countries.Water： diseases carried in water ar

15、e responsible for 80% of illnesses and deaths in developing countries, killing a child every eight seconds. Each year 2. 1 million people die from diarrhoeal(痢疾的)diseases associated with poor water.Soil： contaminated land is a problem in industrialized countries, where former factories and power sta

16、tions can leave waste like heavy metals in the soil. It can also occur in developing countries, sometimes used for dumping pesticides. Agriculture can pollute land with pesticides, nitrate-rich fertilizers and slurry from livestock. And when the contamination reaches rivers it damages life there, an

17、d can even create dead zones off the coast, as in the Gulf of Mexico.Chronic ProblemChemicals are a frequent pollutant. When we think of chemical contamination it is often images of events like Bhopal that come to mind.But the problem is widespread. One study says 7-20% of cancers are attributable t

18、o poor air and pollution in homes and workplaces. The WHO, concerned about chemicals that persist and build up in the body, especially in the young, says we may be conducting a large-scale experiment with children s health”.Some man-made chemicals, endocrine（内分泌）disruptors like phthalates （M 酸盐）and

19、nonylphenol-a breakdown product of spermicides （杀精子剂）， cosmetics and detergents一are blamed for causing changes in the genitals of some animals. Affected species include polar bears一so not even the Arctic is immune. And the chemicals climb the food chain, from fish to mammals, and to us. About 70,000

20、 chemicals are on the market, with around 1,500 new ones appearing annually. At least 30,000 are thought never to have been comprehensively tested for their possible risks to people. At first glance,3. We can begin our discussion of population as gIobaI issue with what most persons mean when they di

21、scuss the popuI at i on problem: too many peopIe on earth and a too rapid increase in the number added each year. The facts are not in d i spute; it was quite right to empIoy the ana Iogy that Iikened demographic growth to a long, thin powder fuse that burns steadi ly and haltingly unti I it final l

22、y reaches the charge and explodes. To understand the current situation, which is characterized by rapid increases in popuI at i on, it is necessary to understand the history of popuI at i on trends. Rapid growth is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Looking back at the 8,000 years of demographic his

23、tory, we find that popu I at i ons have been virtual ly stab I e or growing very si i ght I y for most of human history. For most of our ancestors, I ife was hard, often nasty, and very short. There was high fertiIity in most places, but this was usually ba Ianced by high mortality. For most of huma

24、n history, it was seldom the case that one in ten persons would Iive past forty, while infancy and chiIdhood Were especially risky periods. Often, societies were in clear danger of extinetion because death rates could exceed their birthrates. Thus, the popu I at i on problem throughout most of histo

25、ry was how to prevent extinetion of the human race. This pattern is important to notice. Not only does it put the current problems of demographic growth into a historical perspective, but it suggests that the cause of rapid increase in popuI at i on in recent years is not a sudden enthus i asm for m

26、ore chiIdren, but an improvement in the conditions that traditionally have caused high mortality. Demographic history can be divided into two major periods: a time of long, slow growth which extended from about 8000 B. G. till approximately 1650A. D. In the first period of some 9, 600 years, the pop

27、uI at i on increased from some 8 million to 500 million in 1650. Between 1650 and 1975, the popu I at i on has increased from 500 million to more than 4 bi 11 ion. And the popu I at i on reached 6. 2 b i 11 i on throughout the wor Id by the year 2000. One way to appreciate this dramatic difference i

28、n such abstract numbers is to reduce the time frame to something that is more manageable. Between 8000B. C. and 1650, an average of on I y 50, 000 parsons was being added annual ly to the world1 s population. At present, this number is added every six hours. The increase is about 80, 000, 000 person

29、s annually.During the first period of demographic history, societies were often in danger of ext i net i on because .A. only one in ten persons could live past 40B. there was higher mortality than fertility in most placesC. it was too dangerous to have babies due to the poor conditions D. our ancest

30、ors had little enthusiasm for more children4. At some time in your I ife, you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. However, chances are that you don t act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other peopIe

31、wi 11 not accept your behavior. Perhaps the most i nterest i ng th i ng about the phenomenon of taboO behav i or is how it can change over the years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitude once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptabIe and natural at another point in time.

32、Topics such as death, for example, were once considered so upsetting and unpIeasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the pub I i cat i on of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye, peopIe have become more aware of the importance of expressing feel

33、ings about death and, as a result, are more willing to talk about this taboo subject. One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. Unlike many other taboos, fat is a topic that Americans talk about constant I y. It s not taboo to talk about fat; it s taboo to be fat. The Minn lo

34、ok is thin, not fat. In the work world, most compan i es prefer youthf u I -1 ook i ng, trim execut i ves to sei I their i mages as we 11 as their products to the pub Iic. The thin look is associated with youth, vigor, and success. The fat person, on the other hand, is thought of as lazy and lacking

35、 in energy, self- disci pline, and self-respect. In an image-conscious society I ike the U. S. t thin is in, fat is Mout. It s not surprising, then, that mi 11 ions of Americans have been obsessed with staying siim and n in shape. The pursuit of a youthfuI physical appearance is not, however, the so

36、le reason for Americans fascination with diet and exercise. Recent research has shown the critical importance of diet and exercise for personal health. As in most technologically deveI oped nations, the Iife style of North Amer icans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century. Mo

37、dem machines do al I the physical labor that peopIe were once forced to do by hand. Cars and buses transport us quickly from point to point. As a result of inactivity and disuse, people s bodies can easiIy become weak and vulnerable to disease. In an effort to avoid such a fate, mi 11 ions of Americ

38、ans are spending more of their time exercising.Apart from this new understanding of the correlation between health and exercise, the main reason the passage gives for why so many Americans are exercising regularly is .A. their changed life styleB. their eagerness to stay thin and youthfulC. their ap

39、preciation of the importance of exerciseD. the encouragement they have received from their companies5. We can begin our discussion of npopulation as gIobaI issue with what most persons mean when they discuss the popuI at i on problem: too many peopIe on earth and a too rapid increase in the number a

40、dded each year. The facts are not in d i spute; it was quite right to empIoy the ana Iogy that Iikened demographic growth to ”a long, thin powder fuse that burns steadi ly and haltingly unti I it final ly reaches the charge and explodes. To understand the current situation, which is characterized by

41、 rapid increases in popuI at i on, it is necessary to understand the history of popuI at i on trends. Rapid growth is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Looking back at the 8,000 years of demographic history, we find that popu I at i ons have been virtual ly stab I e or growing very s I i ght I y fo

42、r most of human history. For most of our ancestors, I ife was hard, often nasty, and very short. There was high fertiIity in most places, but this was usually ba Ianced by high mortality. For most of human history, it was seldom the case that one in ten persons would Iive past forty, while infancy a

43、nd chiIdhood Were especially risky periods. Often, societies were in clear danger of extinetion because death rates could exceed their birthrates. Thus, the popu I at i on problem throughout most of history was how to prevent extinetion of the human race. This pattern is important to not i ce. Not o

44、n I y does i t put the current prob I ems of demograph i c growth into a historical perspective, but it suggests that the cause of rapid increase in popuI at i on in recent years is not a sudden enthus i asm for more childrenf but an improvement in the conditions that traditionally have caused high

45、mortality. Demographic history can be divided into two major periods: a time of long, slow growth which extended from about 8000 B. G. till approximately 1650A. D. In the first period of some 9, 600 years, the popuI at i on increased from some 8 million to 500 million in 1650. Between 1650 and 1975,

46、 the popu I at i on has increased from 500 million to more than 4 bi 11 ion. And the popu I at i on reached 6. 2 b i 11 i on throughout the wor Id by the year 2000. One way to appreciate this dramat ic difference in such abstract numbers is to reduce the time frame to something that is more manageab

47、Ie. Between 8000B. C. and 1650, an average of only 50, 000 parsons was being added annual ly to the world s population. At present, this number is added every six hours. The increase is about 80, 000, 000 persons annually.Which statement is TRUE about popuI at i on increaseA. There might be an incre

48、ase of 2. 2 billion persons from 1975 to the year 2000.B. About 50,000 babies are born annually at present.C. Between 8000 B. C. and the present, the population increase is about 80,000,000 persons each year.D. The population increased faster between 8000 B. C. and 1650 than between 1650 and the pre

49、sent.6. We can begin our discussion of population as gIobaI issue with what most persons mean when they discuss the popuI at i on problem: too many peopIe on earth and a too rapid increase in the number added each year.The facts are not in d i spute; it was quite right to empIoy the ana Iogy that Iikened demographic growth to na long, thin powder fuse that burns stead i I y and haltingly unt i I it final ly reaches the charge and explodes