初一升初二语法.docx

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1、初中英语讲义第一讲名词的数难点重点：掌握名词单复数以及所有格的形式一、可数名词有单、复数两种形式：可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加“a或an；复数形式是在名词后加 或名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种，规则变化及其读音可依照卜.表：当名词为：词尾变化读音例词般情况加s在清辅音后读/s/chips, jeeps, pats , clocks在浊辅音或元音后读/z/ boys, sharpeners, sofas, drawers以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾的单词力口 es /izJ watches, boxes, classes, brushes以字母 o 结尾的单词力II s 或 es /z

2、/ zoos, photos, bamboos, tomatoes, potatoes, heroes,以辅音字母+y结尾的单词去y变i加es /z/dictionaries, strawberries, 以f或fe结尾的单词去f或fe变v加es /vz/ leaves, wives, halves 以 th 结尾的词 加 s /dz/; /Oz/ mouths, paths; months, deaths2.可数名词复数的不规则变化改变单数名词中的元音字母eg. man-men, womanwomen, toothteeth, footfeet, goosegeese, mouse-mice

3、单复数同形 eg. Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep,.由man和woman构成的合成词，每个名词都要变复数eg. a man doctor- men doctors, a woman teacher-women teachers注意：有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分，在使用时只有复数形式eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts, scissors, etc;有些名词从形式上看是复数，实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数).eg. maths, phyiscs, politic

4、s, news3.不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。物 质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式，但有其特殊用法：同一个词,变成复数形式，意义不同。eg. food食物一 foods各种食物，time 时间-times 时代，green 绿色 一greens 青菜有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物eg. hope hopes 希望 hardship - hardships 艰苦 物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of来表示 eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, sever

5、al bags of rice, . 三、名词的所有格名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系，有两种表示形式，一种是在名词后+飞：另一种是用of,表示 “的”。1 . (1)一般词的所有格，直接在词尾 +s。eg. Mr. Motts robot, children clothes(2)以s结尾的名词所有格只在词尾+ eg. teachers , books(3)两人共有的物体，则在第二个名词后+s;如果分别是两人所有，则在每个名词后面+飞。eg. Lucy and Lilys room.(指两人共住个房间)Mrs. Greens and Mrs. Brown,s son.(指两人各自的儿子)(

6、4)表示某具体场所时，所有格后面的名词可省略eg. the doctors (office) Mr. Whites2 .(1)没有生命的事物般用of短语来表示所属关系。eg. the wall of the classroom， a picture of the bedroom,(2)名词的的定语较长时，有生命的事物也可用of短语表示。eg. a long story of a 5O-year-old man双重所有格 eg. a friend of his, the big nose of Toms有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加s来构成所有格。eg. ten m

7、inutes walk, todays newspaper课题例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1. They got much from those new books.A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories解析:much是用来修饰不可数名词的,A B D三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式,C项为不可数名词，因 此选C.2.1 have two and three bottles of here.A. orange, orange B. oranges, orangesC. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges解析:orange有

8、两种含义，一种可数名词橘子，另一种是不可数名词橘汁，此题第一空应填可数名词，第二 空填不可数名词，因此选Co3. Every evening M r. King takes a to his home .A. 25 minutes, walkB. 25 minutes walkC. 25 minute walkD. 25 minutes walk解析：句中的minute应该用其复数的所有格形式，只而不能+s,因此选A。4. An old wants to see you.A. people B. person C. the people D. the person解析:person与peopl

9、e都有人”的意思，但用法不同.一个人用a person”，“两个人”用“two persons”; people泛指“人们”是集合名词，表示复数,the people指“人民”,a people指 “一个民族”.应选B。5. Help yourself to.A. chickens and applesB. chickens and appleC. chicken and appleD. chicken and apples解析:chicken可用作可数名词指小鸡，用作不可数名词指鸡肉,根据词题意应理解为鸡肉;apple为可数名词， 故应+s,因此选D。6. Oh, dear. I forgo

10、t the two.A. rooms number B. rooms number C. room numbers D. rooms numbers解析:room number房间号码.room可直接用作定语修饰后面的名词.类似的还有my phsics teacher, two bus drivers 等.应选 C。7. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second.A. family B. house C. home D. room解析:family指的是家庭或是家庭成员；house指的是房子(住所)

11、;room指的是房间;而home指的是家，因此 选C.8. mothers couldnt go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai.A. Mary and Peters B. Mary and PeterC. Marys and Peter D. Marys and Peters解析：此句中汕ers”是复数，表示两个人各自的母亲，因此应选D。9. Li Lei has been to many times this month.A. her uncle B. her uncles C. her uncles D. aunts解

12、析：此句意为“李雷这个去她舅舅家多次表示具体场所时，可省去所有格后面的名词.因此选B。10. He is a success as a leader but he hasnt in teaching.A. many experiences B. much experienceC. an experience D. a lot experience解析:experience作“经验”讲时是不可数名词，作“经历”讲时是可数名词.本句中应理解为“经验”,因此 是不可数名词，排除AC.又因a lot of, lots of, plenty of只用于肯定句，不用于否定句，因此选B。11. A clas

13、smate of was here ten minutes ago.A. you B. your C. your sister D. your sisters解析：此题考杳名词的双重所有格.应选D。12. A group of are talking with two.A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans frenchmansC. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen解析：Frenchman是复合词,其复数形式为Frenchmen; German的复数为直接在单词末尾+S,应选A.13. The team having

14、a meeting .A. is B. are C. am D. be解析:leam是一个集合名词，即可表示复数意义（指整个小组），也可指小组中的成员（表示复数），此题意为 后者，因此选B14. “Would you like?” “please?,A. drink. Three coffees B. a cup of drink. CoffeesC. a drink, A coffee D. a drink, Three cups of coffees解析:drink和coffee是不可数名词，可以用of来表示数量,eg, ihree cups of coffee,当前面加a时,则表示“一杯

15、”,因此选C。15. The Great Wall was made not only by, but also the flesh and blood of men.A.earth and stone, millions of B. earths and stones, millionsC. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions解析：earth是不可数名词，因此删除BD,数以百万的应为millions of.因此选A。选择最佳答案：1. Last night, there was a food a

16、ccident. The were ill, but no were lost. A. child, lives B.children, life C. children, lives D. child, life2. 一This is a photo of when they were young.一OK, how happy they both looked!A. my father and mother B. my mother and fathersC. my mothers and fathers D.my fathers and my mother3. The new studen

17、t is in, Grade lvo.A. Class Third B. Third Class C. Class Three D. Three class4. Today is September 10th. Its Day. Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers. A.Teachers B. Teachers C. the Teachers1 D. Teachers5. The market isnt far from here. Itrs only bicycle ride.A.half an hours B. half an hou

18、rs C. half an hour D. an hour and a half6. What would you like to drink, girls?-, please.A.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffeC. Two cups of coffee D. Two cups of coffees7. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs fbr.A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks8. Some are flying

19、kites near the river.A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs9. After the exam, well have holiday.A. two weeks B. two-weeks C. two weeks D. two weeks10. They are those bags.Please put them on the bus.A. visitor B. visitors C. visitors D. visitors*11. - How many workers are there in your factory?-There are

20、two.A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundred of D. hundreds of12. What do you think of the the M（x）nlight Sonata by Beethoven?- It sounds really wonderful.A. subject B. musicC. book D. animal13. There is not enough in the comer for the fridge.A. place B. room C. field D. ground14. comes from sheep and some

21、 people like eating itA. Wool B. Pork C. Mutton D. Milk15. If you dont take more, youll get fat.A. medicine B. lessons C. photos D. exercise16. My school is about twenty walk from here.A. minute B. minutes C. minutess D. minutes17. Mum, I have to tell you!A. a good news B. some good news C. some goo

22、d newes D. much good news18. Which is the to the post office?A. street 氏 way C. road D. address19.1 stayed atlast Sunday.A. my uncles B. my uncles C. my uncles D. my uncles family20. Maths not easy to learn.A. are B. is C. am D. were第二讲代词的用法 难点重点：掌握人称代词和物主代词的用法-人称代词：人称代词是指人的代词，有性、数、格的区别.表示“我” “你” “他

23、” “我们” “你们” “他们”.请看下表：主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词I我me我my我的mine我的（东西）you你you你your你的yours你的（东西）数he他him他his他的his他的（东西）she她her她her她的hers她的（东西）it它it它its它的its它的（东西）复数we我们us我们our我们的ours我们的（东西）you你们you你们your你们的yours你们的（东西）they他们them他们their他们的theirs他们的（东西）人称代词主格在句中作主语。例如：She is my English teacher.宾格在句中作宾语。例如：They do

24、nt want me to go there alone.Dont worry. I can look after her.宾格还可以作宾格。特别是在口语中。例如：Who,s that? Its me.注意：人称代词we, you, they可以用来表示一般人。例如：You cannot go into the hall with slippers.不准穿拖鞋进入大厅。人称代的主格作表语，一般都在正中的谈话中，表示强调。例如：It was he who took away the necklace.是他拿走了那条项链。人称代词she可以用指代祖国、大地、月亮、轮船等。例如： The ship

25、is leaving. Shes on her first trip to Boston.轮船要起航了。这时她第一次去波士顿。We love our country, we hope shell be stronger and stronger.我们热爱我们的祖国，我们希望她越来越强 大。It作为人称代词时，可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等。例如：It is about 10 kilometres from here.离这儿大约有 10 公里。It还可用作形式主语或形式宾语，来代替由不定式，动词的-ing,形式或主语从句构成的真正的主语 或宾语，以避免句子头重脚轻。例如：It is not e

26、asy to learn English well.It is good for you taking a walk after supper.I found it difficult to sleep.英语里当主语是并列的几个人时，人称代词的排列顺序和汉语不同，I在最后，you在最前；但是， 当受到批评或时承认错误时正好相反，I在最前，you在最后。例如：You, he and I are all the winners.1, Li lei and you are wrong. We should do more fbr the project.二.物主代词：表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物

27、主代词包括名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。（1）形容词性物主代词其后必须跟名词。1）形容词性物主代词不能单独使用,后面必接名词，表示所有.如： my pen我的钢笔 your bag你的书包his bike他的自行车her desk她的书桌 ils name它的名 字例句：Is thal your bike?那是你的fl行车吗？Those are our books.那些是我们的书。如果名词前有形容词性物主代词，就不能同时用冠词（a, an, the）或指示代词（this, thal, these, those）修饰 此名词。 iEThis is my pencil.误This is my

28、a pencil.正This is a pencil.误 This is a my pencil.（2）名词性的物主代词具有名词的特征，在句中作主语三课堂练习：一.把小括号的人称代词翻译成英语1 .These are（他们的）flowers.2 .Those books are L他们的）.3. Is this photo （你的）？4.1s this（你的）photo?5.（它的）eves are blue。6.（她）is my mother7. The eraseris for （她）8.1s this（她的）bag?9. Is this bag（她的）？10.1 dont like_（他

29、们）.11.他们）are lazy pupiko12 .L他们的）shoes are old。13 .The old shoes are L他们的）。14 .This potato is （我的）。 15.That tomato is L你的）16 .This is （我的）potato o17 .That is L你的）tomato 018 . （我们的）Classroom is big and brighto19 .The big and bright classroom is （我们的）20 .He will catch up with （我们）。21 . She did not hit

30、（她自己）22 .DIY means “Do it（你自己）23 . We are clever, and we can do our homework by（我们自己）。四基础练习一翻译.1. 他的画 2.她老师 3.它的名字4我的计算机 5你的猫 6她的书包二.单项选择.2. This is a girl.name is Lily.A. His B. She C. HerD. Its3. This is Wang Fang.is twelve.A. His B. She C. HerD. Its1.1 a girl.name is Wang Hong.A. am; My B. is; He

31、r C. am; Your D. is; His4. Li Lei a boy.is in class 5.A. am; He B. is; She C. are; His D. is; He5. Is the cat-friend?Yes,.A. your; it isntB. he; it isC. your; it isD. her; it isnt6. This is a bird. I dont know name.A. itsB. itsC. itD. its7. They can study by.A. themB. they C. themselves D. us8. What

32、s this?Its pencil.A. my aB. a my C. my the D. my1.1 think Mrs. Wang.A. hesB. His C. shes D. its10 Whats that? is a cat.A. It B.He C. She D. You11 . This new computer is , I must look aftercomputer.A. my. mine B. mine, my C. my, my D. mine, mine12 . If s seven oclock in the morning. Lets.A. go to bed

33、 B. go to school C. to go to home D. going to school13 .? Its ten.A. What colour is itB. What time is itC. How old is he14.-Is this new bagD. Whats five minus five? -No, its.A. his, his B. his, hersC. yours, my D. hers, your15. -Whats the time, please?.A. Its eight-thirty five B. Its eight-thirty-fi

34、veC. Its eight thirty-fiveD. Its thirty-five past eight16-Is Tom a friend of yours?Yes, he is a friend of.A. IB. meC. my D. mine17. There are his trousers. Give.A. it to him B. him it C. them to him D. him them第三讲、数词的分类难点和重点：掌握基数词和序数词的用法1.基数词表示数目的词称为基数词。其形式如下：A.从110one. two, three, four. five, six,

35、seven eight, nine. ten.B.从 11-19eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen.C.从2199整数几十中除twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, eighty为特殊形式外,sixty, seventy, ninety都是其个位数形式 后添加后缀-ty构成。表示几十几时，在几十和个位基数词形式之间添加连字符21 twenty-one 76 seventy-six D.百位数个数基数词形式加“hundred”，表示几百，在几十几

36、与百位间加上and.101 a hundred and one320 three hundred and twenty648 six hundred and forty-eightE.千位数以上从数字的右端向左端数起，每三位数加个逗号“，”。从右开始，第一个“，”前的数字后添加thousand, 第二个前面的数字后添加million,第三个“，”前的数字后添加billiono然后一节一节分别表示，两个 逗号之间最大的数为百位数形式。2,648 two thousand six hundred and forty-eight16,250,064 sixteen million two hundr

37、ed and fifty thousand sixty-four5,237,166,234 five billiony two hundred and thirty-seven million，one hundred and sixty-six thousand* two hundred and thirty-fourF.基数词在表示确切的数字时，不能使用百、千、百万、十亿的复数形式：但是，当基数词表示不确切数 字，如成百、成千上万，三三两两时，基数词则以复数形式出现。There are hundreds of people in the hall.大厅里有数以百计的人。Thousands a

38、nd thousands of people come to visit the Museum of Qin Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses every day. 每天有成千上万的人来参观秦兵马涌博物馆。They went to the theatre in twos and threes.他们三三两两地来到了剧院。G.表示人的不确切岁数或年代，用几十的更数形式表示。He became a professor in his thirties.他三十多岁时成为了教授。She died of lung cancer in forties.她四十来岁时死于肺癌。It

39、was in the 1960s.那是在二十世纪六十年代。H.基数词的句法功能基数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语。The two happily opened the box.两个人高兴地打开了盒子。（作主语）I need three altogether.我总共需要三个。（作宾语）Four students are playing volleyball outside.四个学生在外面打排球。（作定语）We are sixteen.我们是16个人。（作表语）They three tried to finish the task before sunset.他们三个人尽力想在日落前完

40、成任务。（作同位语）2.序数词型数词变历数词II认：一、二、三，单独记：八去t,九除e, ve要用f替，整十基数变序数，先把ty变 成tie；要是遇到两位数，只变各位就可以。解析口诀：oneJirst, twoTsecond, threethird 这三个词变化特殊，要单独记；eighteighth, nineninth, 八去 3 九去 e 后再加-th； five fifth, twelvetwelfth,五、十二把 ve 换成 f 再加-th； twenty twentieth, thirtythirtieth.整十先把词尾y改为ie再加-th。两位数时则十位数用基数词，个位数用序数词，

41、如： twenty-firstA.从第一至第十九其中，onefirst, two-second, threethird, fivefifth, eight-eighth, nineninth* twelvetwelfth 为特殊形式，其它的序数词都是由其相对应的基数词后面添加“th”构成。例如：six一sixthnineteen一 nineteenth.B.从第二十至第九十九整数第几十的形式由其对应的基数词改变结尾字母y为i,再加“eth”构成。twentytwentieth thirtythirtieth表示第几十几时，用几十的基数词形式加上连字符“一”和个位序数词形式一起表示。thirty

42、-first 第三H一fifty-sixth第五十六seventy-third 第七十三ninety-ninth第九十九C.第一百以上的多位序数词由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。one hundred and twenty-first 第一百二H 1one thousand, three hundred and twentieth 第一千三百二十D.序数词的缩写形式有时，序数词可以用缩写形式来表示。主要缩写形式有。first1st second2nd third3rdfourth4th sixth6th twentieth20thtwenty-third23rd其中1st, 2nd

43、, 3rd为特殊形式，其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。三数词用法1、时刻表示法（1） .表示几点钟用基数词加可以省略的o/clock5:（X）读作 five o/clock 或 five（2） .表示几点过儿分，在分钟后加past,再加小时five past seven 七点过五分half past six 六点半a quarter past eight 八点过一亥Useven past eighi八点过七分3.表示几点差几分，在分钟后面加to,再加小时ten to eight差十分八点（七点五十分）a quarter to twelve差一刻十二点（H点四十五分）twenty to six差

44、二十分六点（五点四十分）在日常生活中，常用下列简单方法表示时间。以小时、分种为单位分别读出数字。6:31 读作 six thirty-one10:26 读作 ten twenty-six14:03 读作 fourteen o three16:15 读作 sixteen fifteen18:30 读作 eighteen thirty23:55 读作 twenty-three fifty-five注：时刻表上的时间大多采用24小时表示法，就不需要用a.m.表示上午，p.m.表示下午。2、年月表示法（1.）世纪可以用定冠词加序数词加世纪century表示，也可以用定冠词加百位进数加/飞表示 the

45、sixth (6th) century 公元六世纪the eighteenth (18th) century 公元十八世纪the IQOO/s 二十世纪the 1600rs十七世纪这里，用百位数整数表示的世纪比这一百位阿拉伯数字本身多一个世纪。(2.)年代用定冠词及基数词表示的世纪加十位整数的复数形式构成in the 1930/,s (in the thirties of the twentieth century 或 in the nineteen thirties)在二十世纪三十年代in the 1860/, s (in the sixties of the 19th century 或

46、in the eighteen sixties)在十九世纪六十年代In the 1870/*s when Marx was already in his fifties, he found it important to study the situation in Russia* so he began to learn Russian.在十九世纪七十年代当马克思已经五十多岁时，他发现研究俄国的形势很重要，便开始学习俄语。（3） .表示某年代的早期、中期和晚期，可以在定冠词后，年代前添加early, mid-, latein the early 1920fs在二十世纪二十年代早期in the mid-1950/,s在二十世纪五十年代中期(4.)年月日表示法A.年份用基数词表示，一般写为阿拉伯数字，读时可以以hundmd为单位，也可以以世纪、年代为单位分 别来读。1949 读作 nineteen hundred and forty-nine 或 nineteen forty-nine1800 读作 eighte