考研日语(非日语专业)作文范例26篇.docx

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1、Part OneThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandChapter 1 Land and PeopleI .Names1. Different names for Britain and its partsBritish Islesthe UK gqdtal: Lond询(England Scotland Wales T / N orthem Ireland IrelandSouthern Ireland hundreds of small islandsthe Republic of Ireland ( Eire )

2、2. British Empire (100 years ago)About 100 years ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had 1/4 of the worlds people and 1/4 of the world*s land area. It had colonies in North America, Asia, Africa and Australia.3. Commonwealth (1931)The commonwealth (of Nations)

3、 is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.4. Reason for

4、Britain Empire changed into a Commonwealth: the two world wars greatly weakened Britain.II .Features1. LocationIreland爱尔兰hundreds of small islandsEdinburgh其他岛屿Wales i Great BritainEuropean ContinentEnglish Channel英吉利海峡Straits of Dover多佛尔海娱春黑道0985 T 994)DUBLINSouthern Ireland 爱尔兰岛南部、威尔士 ： LijimijNEng

5、landScotland苏格兰/North Sea 北海north Atlantic Ocean 北大西洋Northern Ireland爱尔兰岛北部Belfast Irish英格兰大不列颠Advantage: No part of Britain is very far from the coast and it provides a valuableresource. The British coast is long and has good, deep harbours. Sea routes extend far inland, providing cheap transportat

6、ion.2. General featuresa. Tilting: Rising in North-West cause highlands there; Sinking in South-East cause lowlands.b. Ice Age: responsible for Britains spectacular mountain scenery.3. England (more than 130,000 square kilometres which takes up nearly 60% of the whole island)a. Pennines, principal m

7、ountain chain.b. Scafell (978 m), the highest peak of England.c. Capital: London.4. Scotland (78,760 square kilometres)a. Three zone: Highlands in the north: plateau; Central Lowlands: most important area in Scotland which contain most of the industry and population; Southern Uplands: moorland.b. Be

8、n Nevis (1,343 m), the highest mountain in Britain.c. Capital: Edinburgh.5. Wales (20,761 square kilometres which takes up less than 9% of the whole island)a. Most of Wales is Mountainous;b. 12% of the land is arable;c. Massif 断层；d. Snowdonia (1,085 m), highest mountain in Wales;e. Capital: Cardiff.

9、6. Northern Ireland (14,147 square kilometres which takes up 1/5 of Ireland)a. It has a rocky and wild northern coastline;b. Capital: Belfast.II I.Ri vers and Lakes1. Riversa. Importance: Great ports (through river) to sea; Rivers to both European Continent and fishing grounds; Rivers (carry raw mat

10、erials) to inland.b. Rivers: Severn River (338 km): longest river; Thames River (336 km): second largest and most important (water transportation, Oxford site);(3) River Clyde: most important river in Scotland.2. Lakesa. Lough Neagh: largest lake in Britain (located in Northern Ireland).b. Lake Dist

11、rict: One of the popular tourist attractions in Britain; 15 lakes, the largest ones are Windermere, UI Is water, Derwentwater andConiston Water;(3) The home of the lake poets of 19,h century: Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.IV .Climate1. Maritimea. Favorable one, winters are mild not too cold and

12、summers are cool not too hot;b. Steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year;c. Small range of temperature.2. Factorsa. The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer;b. The Westerlies blow over the country all the

13、year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;c. The North Atlantic Drift, which is a warm current, passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.3. Rainfalla. General: Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average

14、 annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000 mm;b. Character: Water surplus in north and west; Water deficit in south and east.c. Reservoirs have to be built in highland areas such as Central Wales, the Lake District and the Scottish Highlands.4. Natural calamitiesa. In 1952 the sulphur dioxide in the

15、four-day London smog, an unhealthy atmosphere formed by mixing smoke and dirt with fog, left 4,000 people dead or dying. So most cities in Britain have introduce “Clean air zones whereby factories and households are only allow to burn smokeless fuel.b. Many areas are subjected to severe gales, which

16、 cause flooding, shipwrecks and loss of life, especially in winter.V .People (Britain has a population of 57,411,000 in 1990)1. General features:a. Densely populated with an average of 237 people per square kilometer;b. Unevenly distributed: 90% in urban, 10% in rural;c. Concentration: most in Engla

17、nd (most in London and south-eastern England);d. Composition: English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Welsh 1.9%, Irish 2.4%, Northern Irish 1.8%, Immigrants 2.8%.2. Englisha. Origin: Anglo-Saxons.b. Language: Southern: BBC (except Cockney); Northern: broader.c. Cockney: A Cockney is a Londoner who is born wi

18、thin the sound of Bow Bells the bells of the church of St Mary-Le-Bow Bells in east London.d. It was from the union of Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons that the English people and the English language were bom.3. Welsha. Origin: Celts.b. Language: Welsh, an ancient Celtic language: 1%

19、 people only speak Welsh, it was given equality with English for all official use in Wales in 1965, names beginning with “LT; English.c. Character: emotional, cheerful.d. Culture: Eisteddfodau (威尔斯诗人音乐家大会)/ National Eisteddfod, with an purpose to keep the welsh language and culture alive.4. Scotsa.

20、Origin: Celts.b. Scots are proud that the English never conquered them.c. Language: Gaelic, old Celtic language of the Scots: it is still heard in the Highlands and the Western Isles and their names beginning with M Mac, Me, which means “son of in Gaelic; English;d. Character: said to be serious, ca

21、utious, thrifty; in fact they are hospitable, generous, friendly.5. Irisha. Origin: Scots and English Protestants.b. Problem: there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants who are dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities.c. L

22、anguage (爱尔兰共和国)： Irish or Erse, a form of Gaelic: official first language of the Republic of Ireland; English: second.d. Character: charm, vivacity, beauty girls.6. Immigrantsa. Origin: West Indies, India and Pakistan.b. Discrimination: Usually the colored immigrants have to take the lowest paid jo

23、bs, and when there is unemployment they are usually the first to be sacked.Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation(5000 BC-1066)I .Settlers (5000 BC -55 BC)1. Iberians (the first known settlers)(1) At about 3000 BC, these short, dark and long-headed people came to Britain, probably from the Iberian Penins

24、ula, now Spain.(2) Long barrows in Wiltshire and Dorset were their communal burial mounds.(3) Stonehenge in Wiltshire is more dramatic monuments, which may have religious and political means.2. Beaker Folk(1) At about 2000 BC they come from the areas now known as Holland and theRhineland.(2) They to

25、ok the name from their bell-shaped drinking vessels with which they were buried in crouching positions in individual graves.(3) They built hill forts, with the finest examples of Maiden Castle.3. Celts A taller and fairer race began to arrive about 700 BC. They may originally come from eastern and c

26、entral Europe, now France, Belgium and southern Germany. They came in three main waves: a. Gaels at 600 BC (Gaelic); b. Brythons at 400 BC; c. Belgae at 150 BC (industrious and vigorous). The Celtic bribes are ancestors of Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, and their languages are the basis of

27、 both Welsh and Gaelic. The Celts religion was Druidism (human sacrifices). The Druids were the wise men, astrologers and soothsayers.II .Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)1. Roman ConquestBritish recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. Julius Caesar, invaded Britain for the first time in 55BC. He

28、returned the following year, but he didnt succeed. The successful invasion was take place in AD43, headed by the Emperor Claudius.2. Reasons for untotal occupation: a. some parts of the country resist; b. Roman troops were often withdraw from Britain to fight in other parts of Roman Empire.3. Ways t

29、o keep Picts: They built two great walls to keep the Picts, so called because of their “painted faces, out of the area they had conquered. These were Hadrians Wall and Antonine Wall.4. Three problemsa. Picts still attacked them periodically;b. Saxon pirates attacked them in the southeast;c. Control

30、was only effective in the south-eastern part of the country.5. Achievementa. Network of towns and roads. Caster and Chester means camp. Capital: London (Londinium). Two cities: York had been created as a northern stronghold; Bath rapidly developed because of its waters.b. Make use of Britains natura

31、l resources, mining lead, iron and tin and manufacturing pottery.6. Religion: Christianity.7. Reasons for withdraw in AD 410: a. barbarians from Eastern Europe at the gates of Rome; b. repeated attacks from Picts and Scots; c. needing to set up a new military front on the east coast to hold off the

32、Germanic Saxon tribes invading from Europe.8. Why was the Roman influence on Britain so limited?The Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinar

33、y Britons.III .Anglo-Saxons (446-871)1. Anglo-Saxons and the found of HeptarchyThe Anglo-Saxons were three tribes of the Germanic people who originally lived in the northwest of modern Germany. In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three

34、Teutonic tribes. The leader of Jutes, Hengist, became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons established their kingdoms in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of 5,h century to the beginning of the 6th century. The Angles settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal king

35、doms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.2. Wars among Heptarchya. Offa, King of Mercia, built the great earthwork known as Offas Dyke, control for a long time virtually all central, eastern and south-eastern England.b. In 829, Eg

36、bert, King of Wessex, became an overlord of all the English.3. Religiona. Teutonic religion (The names Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday derive from their gods)b. Christianity Columba, 563, convert north commoner. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrews Monastery in

37、 Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. In 597, St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. Augustine was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the

38、monks in the north.c. Disagreement: The Roman missionaries held that the Popes authority was supreme, and the Celtic missionaries held that Christian belief did not require a final earthly arbiter. They held a conference at Whitby in 664. Finally, the Roman missionaries gained the upper hand.4. Achi

39、evementsThe Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. They divided the country into shires. They devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system. They also established the manorial system. And they created the Witan.5. QuestionsIV .Viking and Danish1. The Norwegian Vikings and the

40、 Danes from Denmark attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9lh century, especially between 835 and 878. The Vikings and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom.2. Alfred, king of Wessex was strong enough to defeat the Danes

41、 and came to a relatively friendly agreement with them in 879.a. Danes gained control of north and east of England, ie “the Danelaw”.b. Alfred, king of Wessex, rule the rest.3. Alfreds achievements.Alfred, king of Wessex, is known as “the father of the British navy“ as he founded a strong fleet whic

42、h first beat the Danes at sea, then protected the coasts and encouraged trade. He also reorganized the fyrd (the Saxon army), making it more efficient. Alfred, who is said to have taught himself Latin at the age of 40, translated into English Bedes Ecclesiastical history of the English People. A lea

43、rned man himself, he encouraged learning in others, established schools and formulated a legal system. This, as well as his admirable work with the army and the navy, makes him worthy of his title 44Alfred the Great”.4. Successors.a. King Ethelred the Unready tried paying the invaders, who renewed i

44、nvasions because the successors reconquered the Danelaw, to stay away by imposing a tax, called the danegeld, on his people.b. Canute, the Danish leader, was chosen by Witan as king. He made England part of Scandinavian empire which included Norway as well as Denmark.V .The Norman Conquest (1066)1.

45、Background: King is also said to have promised the English throne to William, Duke of Normandy. But, when Edward was on his deathbed, four men laid claim to the English throne. Finally, the Witan chose Harold as king. Four men: King of Norway / Tostig - Harold (king) Duke of Normandy(join together)

46、( fight)( fight)2. Process: 1066.10.14, the battle on Senlac Field (near Hastings), where Harold was killed; 1066 Christmas, William crowned King of England by the Archbishop of York.3. Measure to face Saxon risings in the north: tfcharrying of the north”.4. Significance: The Norman Conquest of 1066

47、 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent we

48、re opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.Chapter 3 The Shaping of the Nation(1066-1381)I .An outline of this period:1. Norman House: William I2. Plantagenet House: Henry II Parliament;