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1、amplify, enlarge, stretch, magnify, reinforce, expandamplify%扩大,增加,尤其指通过增强电压或电流使声音扩大;补充叙述(故事、事件等)。We must ask you to amplify your statement.我们得请你对你的说法作进一步的说明。enlarge”扩大,多指具体物品如相片的放大。enlarge photograph 放大照片enlarge a house 扩建房屋stretch v.(有弹性地)伸展,延伸,并有可能超过限度;伸长、仰出(身体某部位)并绷紧肌肉(尤指在放松后或为了够着某物)。The pullove
2、r stretched after I had worn it a few times.这件套头毛衣我穿了几次之后就撑大了。Having finished their morning work, the clerks stood up behind their desks, stretching themselves.完成了早间工作之后,职员们站到桌子后面伸伸懒腰。magnifyv.放大,指用透镜或显微镜使物体看上去大一些。His eyeglasses magnify words so he can read them.他借助眼镜把字放大以便能够阅读。reinforce v.增援,加固。exp
3、and%指范围、体积的扩大、增大,也可以指内容或细节的充实。The balloon expanded, then exploded.气球先是膨胀,然后就爆破了。anger, fury, indignation, resentment这一组名词都有愤怒、生气的意思。anger n.气愤,生气,是一般用语。After their argument, he expressed his anger by punching the other man in the face.争吵之后,他一拳打在那个人的脸上以发泄怒气。fury n.暴怒,大怒,程度较anger要强。indignation n.义愤,尤其
4、指出于道义上的激愤。Arise / arouse / attract general indignation at the sudden steep rise in bus fares 公共汽车票价突然猛增激起的公愤resentment n.愤恨,怨恨,不满,是正式用语,尤指由于受侮辱或自尊心受到伤害后而产生的愤慨。There was a feeling of resentment in the office after everyones pay was lowered.大家的工资降低后,办公室里怨声载道。apparent, evident, manifest, obvious, disti
5、nct这一组形容词都有明显的之意。apparent a.明显的,显而易见的,尤其指容易观察到或认识到的事物。He is very unhappy, and it is apparent that he wants to leave now.他很不高兴,显然他现在想走了。evident a.明白的,明显的,与apparent基本同意,多用于推理或由事实证明的事物。It is evident that he is guilty; his fingerprints were found at the crime scene.显然他是有罪的,在犯罪现场发现了他的指纹。manifest a.清楚的,明显
6、的,多指根据外部特征或迹象便能看出或了解其意义,常作表语。Her ability is manifest, but she is not attractive,她才能出众,但长相并不动人。obvious a.明显的,显而易见的,含有无可辩白,不需证明之意。It is obvious that woman has had too much to drink.很显然,那个妇女酒喝的太多了。distinct a.清楚的,明显的;不同的,独特的。修饰性质明显不同的东西。Medical care has made a distinct improvement in his health.治疗已使他的健康
7、有了明显的好转。applaud, clap, commend, praiseapplaud v.鼓掌,赞扬,指因精湛表演或某种行为得到别人的赞许,大声叫好或热烈鼓掌。The boss applauded my efforts by praising my work.老板表扬了我的工作,对我的努力表示赞许。clap v.拍打,其用法是 clap ones hand=applaud,不能说 applaud ones hands。clap sb.为某人鼓掌,clap sth.拍打某物commend v.为正式用词,用于对具体功绩或成就表示嘉奖,通常指上级对下级、长辈对晚辈的赞赏。The teache
8、r commended the student for doing well on the exam.老师表扬学生们的考试成绩优异。praise v.为般用词,用于对某人的优秀品质表示钦佩羡慕;赞颂,赞美。A supervisor praised the employee for her good work.一位主管称赞这位员工的工作做得不错。Survivors of the crash praised God for saving them.坠机事件的幸存者赞颂上帝使他们得救。area, district, region, zone这一组名词都有区域的意思。area n.泛指面积较大的地区;
9、面积;专业领域。The New York area has high rents.纽约地区房租很高。district n.行政区划的小范围地区。如Xicheng District北京西城区region n.行政区划上更大的地区,如“自治区;身体部位。The northeast region of the USA includes New York and the six New England states.美国东北部包括纽约和新英格兰地区的那六个州。zone n.指特定的地方、地带。The city passed a law to create a business zone on some
10、 empty land.市政府通过法律,在一些空地上开辟商业区。assembly, conference, congress, rally, seminar, session, summit, symposium这一组名词都表示会议的意思。assembly n.集合,集会。The assembly of students takes place in theauditorium.学生们在大礼堂举行集会。conference n.(专门性的)会议,讨论会。The conference on international economic problems met in Geneva.关于世界经济问
11、题的会议在日内瓦召开。congress n.代表大会,(美国的)国会。Congress passes laws that must be obeyed by the people.美国国会通过的法律,人民一定要遵守。rally n.(鼓舞士气的)集会;群众性集会。The football coach called a rally to build up the teams excitement for the next game.足球教练召开了一个动员会,以便鼓舞士气打好下次比赛。seminar n.(大学的)研究班,研讨会。During summer vacations some teach
12、ers attend seminars at college.暑假里,一些教师在学院里参加研究班。session n.(一届)会议,回合。the autumn session of Parliament 议会的秋季会议summit n.最高级会议,峰会(通常为领导人参加)。Next year, the summit will be held in Vienna.明年将在维也纳举行最高级会谈。symposium n.(学术、科研方面的)座谈会,专题报告会。The symposium on SARS research lasted two days.非典型性肺炎研究的研讨会持续了两天。assess
13、ment, estimate, evaluation这一组名词都有评估的意思。assessment n.评估,估价,常常表示对于财产、价值的评估。We have a low assessment on our property.我们对我们的资产评估很低。estimate n.估计,强调进行评估得出的结果,常与动词give搭配。The mechanic gave me a rough estimate of two or three hundred dollars for the repairs to my car.机械师给我的汽车修理费的粗略估计是200或300美元。evaluation n.
14、(对于能力,价值、工作业绩的)评价,估价,常带有肯定的、正确的含义。He gave a positive evaluation of our scient而c research.他对于我们的科学研究给予了积极的评价。associate, ally, combine, unite这一组词都有联合的意思。associate v.交往,结交;联系,联想。多指平等友好的合作,后接with,表示与某人交往或合作,后接in表示在某个方面合作。We associate with our neighbors at church.在教堂里,我们同邻居交往。ally v.使结盟,使联姻,多与with搭配。Seve
15、ral political parties allied with each other against higher taxes.儿个政治党派联合起来反对提高税收。combine%联合,化合,混合,多指为了某个目的将不同的人或物混合而成一个整体。The girl combined sugar, butter, and flour to made the dough.小姑娘把糖、黄油和面粉混合到一起做成面团。unite v.联合,合并,团结,尤指不同的事物或人组成统一体,强调结果的一致性。The nation united against its enemy.国民团结一致共同对敌。award,
16、 rewardaward v.指正式地或官方地颁发,授予,给予;也可以指法庭裁决给予。后面可跟双宾语。The school principal awarded a prize in history to the best student.学校校长将历史奖授予最出色的学生。reward v.酬劳,奖赏,回报,通常指因做了某一件事或提供了某种服务而应得到报酬或酬谢,其后一般以人或人的行为作宾语。后跟with用来说明以何物作为报酬。I will reward to the person who returns my lost dog.我将出50美元,酬谢帮我找回丢失的狗的人。aware, consc
17、iousaware a.知道的,意识到的,强调感官对外界事物的意识。He was aware of his mistake.他意识到自己的错误。conscious a.有意识的,意识到的,一般指内心所意识到的。The salesman is conscious of the fact that he must increase sales.销售员意识至ll他必须增加销售量。basic, elementary, fundamentalbasic a.基本的,基础的,既可用于具体事物,也可用于抽象事物。He has a basic understanding of the problem.他对问题
18、有基本的了解。elementary a.初步的,初级的。elementary school 小学fundamental a.根本性的,一般只用于抽象的事物;必要的,必须的。Honesty is a fundamental principle in dealing with others.诚实是与别人相处的基本原则。 bewilder, puzzle, confuse, embarrass 这一组词都有迷惑的意思。bewilderv.使困惑,使茫然,强调非常困惑,通常表现为心理和智力的紊乱,语气最重。He was fired without warning and is completely b
19、ewildered about the reason1也没有得至ij 事先警告就被开除了,完全不明白是什么原因。When the farmers visited the city for the first time, they were bewildered by its complicated traffic system.当这些农夫们第一次到城里的时候,他们对城市复杂的交通系统感到迷惑不解。puzzle v.使迷惑,感到不解,强调不理解或解决不了。Where the sunken treasure is puzzles explorers.沉没宝藏的下落令探险家们大惑不解。 confus
20、e”一般用语,使混乱,使糊涂,强调因混淆而使人产生迷乱。He sent the wrong reports because he confused them with other ones.他发错了报告,因为他把它们同另外一些报告混淆在一起了。embarrassv.使窘迫,使为难,使困惑,有令人不快、难为情和内心混乱的意味。Her boyfriend embarrassed her by teasing her about her new hairstyle in front of others.她的男友在别人面前嘲笑她的新发型,使她感到难堪。blame, condemn, reproach,
21、 scold这组动词都有责怪”的意思。blame v.责怪,把归咎于。You cant blame anyone in case you fail the exam.万,你考试不及格,你不能怪罪任何人。 condemn v.ffiW,用于比较正式的、严肃的场合。The wife condemned her husband for drinking too much.妻子因丈夫贪杯而责怪他。 reproach v.(书面语)责备,表示不满。His teacher reproached him for not doing his homework.老师责备他不做作业。 scold v.责骂,训斥。
22、blunder, error, mistake这一组词都表示错误。blunder n.(因为无知、疏忽犯下.的)大错,愚蠢的错误。I think that I committed a blunder in asking her because she seemed very upset by my question.这位女士由于我的问题感到很难过,我感觉到犯了个大错。error n.指判断、计算或行为上的错误,也可指智力或道义上的错误。The accident was the result of human error.这事故是人为的错误造成的。mistake n.误会,误解;(粗心、遗忘所导
23、致的)错误。I took your bag instead of mine by mistake.我错拿了你的手提包。brittle, fragile, frail, crisp, invalid这一组形容词都有弱的意思。brittle a.易碎的,易损坏的,通常是指坚硬的东西。The bones of elderly people become brittle and easily broken.老年人的骨头变得脆弱,很容易骨折。fragile a.常常修饰使用时必须小心才不会破碎的东西,也引申为体弱的,虚弱的。Hes feeling a bit fragile after last nig
24、hts party.他参加了昨晚的聚会以后,现在感觉有些虚弱。frail a.(指人)体弱的,虚弱的,也可以指东西易碎的。His mother has grown old and frail.他母亲己经年老体弱。crisp a.指食品的松脆;清新的,爽快的;活跃的,有生气的,干净利落的。crisp biscuit松脆的饼干The student gave a clear, crisp answer to the teachers question.学生干净利落地回答了老师的问题。invalid a.不正确的,缺乏证据的;无效的,作废的。作名词时,表示病弱者,伤残者,久病者。Your ideas
25、 about the first humans are interesting but invalid.你关于最早的人类的观点很有意思,但是缺乏证据。A bad car accident made him an invalid.一次严重的车祸使他变成了残疾。boundary, border, frontier, rim, verge这几个名词都有边界的意思。boundary n.边界;界线。多指作为界线的标识物等。The fence marks the boundary between my land and hers.这道栅栏是我的地和她的地的分界线。border n.较宽的边缘,边界,多指
26、两国或两地之间的分界处附近的边缘地区、边界地带;也可以指物体的边缘等。We crossed the Mexican borders into the USA.我们穿过墨西哥边界进入美国境内。 frontiers边界,边境,边疆,指靠近边界(boundary)的区域;也可引申为未开发的领域,(学术的)前沿等。The American West was still a frontier a century ago.一个世纪以前美国西部还是一片边疆。She is a biochemist who works on the frontiers of biology.她是从事牛.物学前沿研究的生化学家。
27、rim n.边,边缘,尤指圆形或近似圆形的物体的边缘。vergen.(道路、花坛等长着草的)边缘,引申为某事即将发生之际。on the verge of war战争爆发之际brief, concise, curt, succinct这一组形容词都有简短的意思。brief a.简明扼要的,简短的,指时间短暂,办事利索,态度明了等:有时含有虽短但却不失全面”的意味。The manager made a brief statement to open the meeting.经理致了简短的开幕词。 concise a.(文字等的)简要、精练,常含有保留主要部分的意思。His letter was c
28、oncise, omitting everything not pertinent to the job.他的信写得简明扼要,省略掉了所有与该项工作无关的部分。curt a.三言两语的,简短的,常含有草率的意思。He asked his boss a question, but got a curt reply ,I have no time for you now!”他问老板一个问题,但是老板草率的说:我没时间搭理你。succinct a.简明的,筒洁的,筒练的,尤指用词筒练,除含有concise的意思外,还有经过压缩的或简化的意思。succinct summary of the argum
29、ent 论点的概要certify, rectify, testify, verify这是一组形近易混词。certify v.证明,声称是真的。He certified it was his wifes handwriting.他证明那是他妻子的手迹。rectify v.改正,纠正;整顿。He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错。testify v.(在法庭上)宣誓作证;表明。He is the only person who can testify in this case,
30、 because the other witnesses were killed mysteriously.由于其他的证人已经被神秘地杀害,他成为这件案例中唯可以作证的人。 verify v.(用事实)证实或核实。I verified the stores address by calling to check it.我打电话询问,以核实商店的地址。compel, constrain, force, oblige这一组动词都有强迫的意思。compel v.强迫,迫使,常表示运用权利、力量迫使对方做某事;有时也表示别无办法,不得不做。His illness compelled him to st
31、ay in bed.他的病迫使他卧床休息。constrain v.力劝,强迫,与compel意思相近,但更多强调内心情感(如道德、怜悯等)的强迫和限制作用,一般用于正式的场合。As an artist he didnt consider himself constrained by the same rules of social conduct as other people.他认为自己是艺术家,不必象一般人那样要受到社会行为准则的约束。 force v.强迫,迫使,暴力威胁的意味较浓,常用于被动语态。The thief forced her to hand over the money.强
32、盗逼迫她把钱交出来。oblige v.(因法律、习俗等)强迫,迫使,常常用于被动。We are obliged to stop the car at a red light.我们遇到红灯时必须停车。complement, supplement, append这三个名词都有补充的意思。complement n.补充,补充物,主要指补充不足使之完美。Rice makes an excellent complement to a curry dish.有咖哩的菜配米饭最棒。supplement n.增补,补充,补贴,主要指另外补加,增补。One year after we made our repo
33、rt, we had to add a supplement to cover new events.我们在报告完成一年之后,必须增补一个包含新事件的附加部分.append n.附加,添上或补充某事物(尤指文字)。The lawyer appended two more pages to the contract.律师在合同后又附加了两页。component, element, factor, ingredient 这一组名词都有组成成分”的意思。components零部件;(某事物的)组成部分;成分。Tires, the engine, the body, and the seats are
34、 component of a car.轮胎,弓I擎,车身以及坐椅都是一辆汽车的零部件。element n.元素;组成部分,方面;某特定类型的人或群体,分子。The elements hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.氢元素和氧元素构成了水。He belongs to a bad element in this dty.他属于这个城市的坏分子。factor n.因素,要素,侧重指原因。Endurance is an important factor in success in sports.耐力是体育比赛成功的一个重要因素。ingredient
35、 n.原料,成分,要素。Flour, milk, butter and yeast are some ingredients in bread.面粉、牛奶、黄油和酵母是做面包的一些原料。comprise, compose, consist, constitute这一组动词都有组成,包含的意思。comprise v.包含,包括,由组成(整体);组成,构成。Our companys product line comprises 2,500 different items.我们公司的生产线是由2,500个不同的组成部分构成的。compose”构成(整体),组成;由组成(后接of,常用于被动语态);创
36、作(作曲、诗歌等)。 The committee was composed mainly of teachers and parents.委员会主要山教师和学生家长组成。consist V.组成,构成,山组成(后接of,常用于主动语态);(后接in)在于,存在于。The problem consists of two parts.问题由两部分组成。The beauty of the plan consists in its simplicity.这计划的好处就在于简单易行。constitute v.构成,组成(整体)。Crime and illegal drugs constitute the
37、 citys major problems.犯罪和非法毒品买卖是这个城市面临的主要问题。concentrate, focus这两个动词都有集中的意思。concentrate v.集中,集中精力(后接on,宾语可以是具体或抽象的东西);浓缩,压缩。During exams, students concentrate hard on answering the questions.考试期间,同学们集中精力回答问题。focus V.集中(于某事物);将(注意力等)集中于(后接on,宾语一般不是具体的东西)。Please focus your minds on the following proble
38、m.请集中考虑以下问题。confinement, limitation, restraint这一组名词都有限制,局限的意思。confinement n.限制,囚禁(于某地或某种境地)。The prisoner was sentenced to three months solitary confinement.那犯人被判处单独监禁三个月。limitation n.限制,局限;(能力的)缺点,弱点。That employee has limitations on what work he can do.那个雇员能做的工作有限。restraint n.克制,抑制;约束措施。Even though
39、the mother was very angry, she acted with restraint and didnt yell at her child.即使母亲很生气,她仍克制自己没有向孩子大吼。considerable, considerate这是一对形近易混的形容词。considerable a.相当大的,相当多的;值得考虑的。That family owns a considerable amount of land,那个家族拥有大量的土地。considerate a.考虑周到的,体贴的,后面常跟of结构。He is always considerate of others; h
40、e is kind and sympathetic.他总是很体谅别人,他很慈善并且富有同情心。conserve, preserve, reserve这是一组形近易混词,且都有保存的意思。conserve v.保存,保藏,保护(强调节约)。In winter, some people conserve energy by lowing the heat at night.冬天,为节约能源有些人在夜里把暖气调小。preserve也保护;维持;保养;防止(食物)腐败(强调使不受破坏)。The government preserves the rights of the individual pers
41、on.政府保护个人的权利不受侵犯。reserve”保留,储备(强调为某一特殊口的);订(座位),预定。We are reserving these seats for my parents.我们把这些座位留给我的父母。continual, continuous, constant, incessant这一组形容词都有不断的,不停的”的意思。continual a.连续不断的;频繁的。表示时断时续的发生。That dogs barking is a continual annoyance.那条狗不停地叫,真是烦死人了。continuous a.不停的,连续不断的,强调中间不停顿。Our home
42、s and offices need a continuous supply of electricity.我们的家庭以及办公室需要不间断的供电。constant a.不断的,经常的,强调始终如一地经常出现。Everything in the universe is in constant motion.宇宙中的万物都在不断地运动。incessant a.不停的,持续不断的,强调令人厌烦地重复出现,中间有可能有停顿。Incessant noise makes me appreciate silence.持续不断的噪声骚扰使我喜欢安静的环境。convert, invert, revert, tr
43、ansform这一组动词都有转变的意思。converts转变,变换,含有使某人改变观点的意思。He wants to convert to Catholicism.他要皈依天主教。invertv.使颠倒,使倒转,使反向。常常表示位置、顺序、方向等的颠倒。The baby inverted the cup and spilled her orangejuice.婴儿把杯子打翻,弄洒了里面的橙汁。revertv.归还,恢复原状。指回到原来的状态或情形。John gave his brother a house, and when his brother died,ownership reverte
44、d back to John.约翰送给他的哥哥一所房子,当他的哥哥去世后,房子的所有权重新归于约翰。transforms改变,转变,指形状、颜色、大小、性质等的改变。A little paint will soon transform the old house.刷点油漆很快就会使这所I房子大为改观。credible, credulous, plausible这一组形容词都有可信的意思。credible a.可信的,可靠的。That the student told the teacher a credible story that she missed classes because she
45、 was sick.那个学生跟老师讲了实情,她没来上课是因为她病了。credulous a.轻信的,易于相信的。She was credulous when she listened to the salesman and bought the car for too much money.她很容易轻信别人,竟然听信那个销售员的话以高价买了那辆车。plausible a.似乎有理的(可信的)。常带有怀疑的意思。Even though it is a plausible explanation, I am not completely convinced.虽然这个解释合理,但仍不可能使我完全相信
46、。decline, refuse, reject, deny 这组动词都有拒绝的意思。decline v.婉言拒绝,谢绝,相当于refuse poHtely,主要用于拒绝有关社交活动的邀请或要求帮助的请求,后接名词或动词不定式,主语只能是人。I invited her to join us, but she declined.我邀请她和我们在-起,可是她婉言谢绝了。 refuse”是比较普通的用词,表示拒绝,含有非常坚决地、不客气地拒绝的意思。 reject v.抛弃,不采纳,主语可以是人或物,后接名词,不能接动词不定式。He asked her to go to the movies thr
47、ee times, and each time she rejected him.他三次约她去看电影,但每一次都被拒绝。deny v.否认,否定,其后可接名词,代词或that从句。The defendant denied the accusations made against him in court,被告在法庭上否认了对他的指控。deduce, induce, reducededuce%推断,推理,演绎。My friend becomes quiet when his girlfriend is angry with him; today he is quiet and so I deduce she is angry.我的朋友在他的女朋友生他的气的时候就会变得沉默,今天他很沉默,所以我推断她生气了。induce v.引诱,劝;引起,导致。reduce v.减轻,减小;降低。delay, postponedelayv.延期,延缓,耽搁,常指由于不可避免的障碍等原因而延期。Her late arrival delayed the start of the meeting.她的迟到使会议延迟开始。postpone%耽搁,暂缓,常指将某事放置一边,等到另一事发生或一定时间
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