2022-年考研英语(二)真题及答案.docx

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1、2022年考研英语（二）真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Harlan Coben believes that if youYe a writer. youll find the time; and that if you cant find the time .then writing isnt

2、 a priority and youre not a writer. For him writing is a (1) normal job a job like any other. He has (2) compared it with plumbing, pointing out that a plumber doesntwake up and say that he cant work with pipes today.(3) If, like most writers these days, youre holding down a job to pay the bills, it

3、s not (4) easy to find the time to write. But its not impossible. It requires determination and single-mindedness. (5) Remember that most bestselling authors began writing when they weredoing other things to earn a living. And today, even writers who are fairly (6) well-known often have to do other

4、work to (7) supplement their writing income.As Harlan Coben has suggested its a (8) question of priorities. To make writing a priority youll have to (9) sacrifice some of your day-to-day-activities and some things you really enjoy. Depending on your (10) interests and your lifestyle, that might mean

5、 spending less time watching television or listening to music, though some people can write (11) while they listen to music.You might have to (12) cut down on the amount of exercise or sport you do. Youll have to make social media an (13) occasional activity rather than a daily, time-consuming (14)

6、habit. Therell probably have to be less time with your friends an less time with your family. Ifs a (15) gentle learning curve, and it wont always make you popular.Theres just one thing you should try to keep at least sometime for, (16) in addition to your writing and thats reading. And write needs

7、to read as much and as widely as they can; its theone (17) indispensable supporter something you cant do without.Time is finite, the older you get, the (18) harder it seems to go. We need to use it socarefully and as (19) productively we can. That means prioritizing out activities so that we spendmo

8、st time on the things we really want to do. If youre a writer, that means (20) above all Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1On a recent

9、 sunny day 13,000 chickens roam over Larry Browns 40 windswept acres in Shiner Texas. Some rest in the shade of a parked car Others drink water with the cows. This all seems random, but its by design, part of what the $6.1 billion US. egg industry bets will be its next big thing: climate-friendly eg

10、gs.These eggs, which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as $8 a dozen, are still labeled organic and animal-friendly, but theyre also from birds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture-special techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap green house gases.Such eggs could

11、 be marketed as helping to fight climate change.Im excited about our progress, says Brown, who harvests eggs for Denver-basedNestFresh Eggs and is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens toeat. The birds waste then fertilizes fields. Such improvements uallow our hens to

12、 forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land, the hens, and the eggs that we supply toour customers.The egg industrys push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering. In barely more than a decade, organic

13、eggs wentfrom being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart. More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats, but both have explodedinto major supermarket categories. If the sustainable-egg rollout is successful, it could open the

14、floodgates for regenerative beef, broccoli, and beyond.Regenerative products could be a hard sell, because the concept is tough to define quickly, says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State UniversityBrandywine. Such farming also brings minimal, if any, i

15、mprovement to the food products (though some producers say their eggs have more protein).The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-range, non-GMO, and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability. Surveys show that younger generations are more

16、 concerned about climate change, and some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect the environment. Young adults Mreally care about the planet/* says John Brunnquell, president of Egg Innovations. They are absolutely altering the food

17、 chain beyond what I think even they understand what theyre doing.21 .the climate-friendly eggs are producedA.at a considerably low costB.at the demand of regular shoppers C.as a replacement for organic eggs D. on specially designed forms22 .Larry Brown is excited about his progress inA. redacting t

18、he damage ofB. acceleration the disposal of guestC. creating a sustainable systemD. attracting customers to his products23 .the example of organic eggs is used in the paragraph 4 to suggestA. the doubts to over natural feedsB. the set breaks in the eggs industryC. the potential of regenerative produ

19、ctsD. the promotional success of super markets4.1 it can be learned from the last paragraph that young peopleA. are reluctant to change their dietB. are likely to buy climate-friendly eggsC. are curious about new foodD. are amazed at agriculture advances25. John Brunnquell would disagree with Julie

20、Stanton over regenerative productsA. markets prospectsB. standard definitionC.nutritional valueD. moral implicationText2More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend that threatens to upend the old workforce model.One in three Americans who are at least 40 have, or plan to

21、have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life, according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade. Evenmore surprising is that more than half of “unretirees”-those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring-said they would be employed in their later year

22、s even if they hadenough money to settle down, the survey showed.Financial needs arent the only culprit for the unretirement trend. Other reasons, according to the study, include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit, preventing boredom or avoiding depression. The concept of retirement i

23、s evolving，said Christine Russell, senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade. Its not just about finances. The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement. One reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer Older Americans are also the faste

24、st-growing segment of theUS workforce.The percentage of retirement-age people in the labor force has doubled over the past three decades. About 20%of people 65 and older were in the workforce in February 2019,up from an all-time low of 10% in January 1985 according to money manager United Income Bec

25、ause of longer life spans, Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs, the TDAmeritrade study showed, which surveyed2000 adults between 40 to 79.Six in 10 unretirees are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life. Among the most popular ways they are doing t

26、his, the company said, is by reducing their overall expenses,securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts. Unfortunately, many people whom are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years,

27、 Salo Brent Weiss, a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial planning firm Facet Wealth. He suggested that pre retirees should speakwith a financial advisor to set long term financial goals. HThe most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting a family and ultimately retiring Weiss sa

28、id. Its not just a financial decision, but an emotional one. Many people believe they cant retire.26. The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates thatA. over half of the retirees are physically fit for workB. the old workforce is as active as the younger oneC. one in three Americans enjoy earlier

29、retirementD. more Americans are willing to work in retirement27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that Americans tend to think thatA. retirement may cause problems for themB. boredom can be relieved after retirementC. the mental health of retirees is overlookedD.unretiremenf contributes to the ec

30、onomy28. Retirement patterns are changing partly due toA. labor shortagesB. population growthC. longer life expectancyD. rising living costs29. Many retirees are increasing their savings byA. investing more in stocksB. taking up odd jobsC. getting well-paid workD. spending less30. With regard to ret

31、irement, Brent Weiss thinks that many people areA. unprepared B. unafraid C. disappointed D. enthusiasticText3We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives. Think about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless signupproc

32、ess but was later difficult to cancel. Something that should be simple and transparent can becomplicated, intentionally or unintentionally, in ways that impair consumer choice. These are examples of dark patterns.First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull, Hdark patterns*1 is a ca

33、tch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users.On darkpatterns.org, Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark patterns, ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to Mroach motel, where a user experience seems easy and intuitiveat the s

34、tart, but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites, researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices. Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark patterns isstill not well understood. Business and nonprofit leade

35、rs should be aware of dark patterns and tryto avoid the gray areas they engender.Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns? Businesses should engage in conversations with IT, compliance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy policy, and include in the discussion

36、the customer/user experience designers and coders responsible forthe companys user interface, as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups,checkout baskets, pricing, and promotions. Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding “digital deception.Lawmakers and r

37、egulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns, most recently at the state level. In March, the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that Uensure that consumers will not be confused

38、or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights/* Theregulations aim to ban dark patterns this means prohibiting companies from using confusinglanguage or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen toreasons why they shouldnt opt out.As more state

39、s consider promulgating additional regulations, there is a need for greater accountability from within the business community. Dark patterns also can be addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements but also to industry be

40、st practices and standards.1.1 lt can be learned from the first two paragraphs that dark patternsA. improve user experienceB. leak user information for profitC. undermine users decision-makingD. remind users of hidden costs32 .The 2019 study an dark pattern is mentioned to show_A. their major flawsB

41、. their complex designsC. their severe damageD. their strong presence33 .To handle digital deception business shouldA. listen to customer feed backB. talk with relevant teamsC. turn to independent agenciesD. rely on professional training34. The additional regulations under the CCPA are intend to_A.

42、guide user though opt-out processesB. protect consumers from being trickedC. grant companies data privacy rightD. restrict access to problematic content35. According to the last paragraph a key to coping with dark patterns is.A. new legal requirementsB. business self-disciplineC. strict regulatory s

43、tandardsD. consumers safety awarenessText4Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests orsometimes unreliable self-reports. But a new study published in Cog

44、nition found that, in at leastone real-world situation, a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.The researchers investigated one class sessions impact on eating meat. They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel, a philosopher at t

45、he University of California, Riverside: students attitudes on the topic are variableand unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating lessmeat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering. Half of the students infour large philosophy

46、classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat, optionally watched an 11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion. The other half focused on charitable giving instead. Then, unbeknownst to the students, the researchers studiedtheir anonymized meal-card purchases for

47、that semesternearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500students.Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect; he had previously found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors, including voting rates, blood donation and returning library books. But

48、 among student subjects who discussed meatethics, meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percentand this effect held steady for the studys duration of several weeks. Purchases from the other group remained at 52 percent.“Thats actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention, Schwitzgebel says. Strohminger agrees: uThe thing that still blows my mind is that the only thing thats different between these two cases is just that one day in class. She says she wants the effect to be real butcannot rule out s