2000-2011年历年考研英语真题+答案完美打印版(2012考研英语).docx

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1、201I年考研英语真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health. But -some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does short-term changes in the function of the heart an

2、d its blood vessels,heart rate andoxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to, a good laugh is unlikely to have benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does., instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the , studies dating back t

3、o the 1930*8 indicate that laughter, muscles,Such bodily reaction might conceivably help the effects of psychological stress. Any way,the act oflaughing probably does produce other types of feedback,that improve an individuaFs emotionalstate.one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially

4、 rooted physical reactions.It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry they are sad but they becomesad when te tears begin to flow.Although sadness also tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow muscular responses.!n an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fr

5、itz.1. Alamong Bexcept Cdespite Dlike2. Areflect fBdemand Cindicate DIproduce3. Astabilizing Bboosting Cimpairing Ddetermining4. AJtransmit Bsustain CJevaluate DJobserve5. Ameasurable Bmanageable CJaffordable DJrenewable6. AJIn turn BJIn fact CIn addition DIn brief7. Aopposite Bimpossible Caverage D

6、expected8. Ahardens Bweakens Ctightens Dlrelaxes9. Alaggravate Bgenerate Cmoderate Denhance10. A physicalBJmentl C J subconscious D internal11. AJExcept for B J According to CJDue to DJAs for12. Awith BJon Cin Dat13. Aunless Buntil CJif DJbecause14. Aexhausts BJfollows CJprecedes Dsuppresses15. Aint

7、o Bfrom Ctowards Dbeyond16. Afetch BJbite Cpick DJhold17. Aldisappointed Biexcited Cljoyful Dlindifferent18. AJadapted B J catered CJ turned DJreacted19. Asuggesting BJrequiring Cmentioning DJsupposing20. AJEventually BJConsequently CJSimilarly DJConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirec

8、tions:Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. Hooray! At last!”

9、wrote AnthonyTommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilberts appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air o

10、f the formidable conductor about him. As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is

11、a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and dow

12、nload still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, the

13、ater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than todays live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed at a time and pla

14、ce of the listeners choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilberts own int

15、erest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization. But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestras repertoire will

16、not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between Americas oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para. 1 that Gilberts appointment hasAJincurred criticism.BJraised suspicion. CJreceived acclaim. DJarous

17、ed curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who isA influential.B J modest.CJrespectable. DJtalented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoersI A ignore the expenses of live performances. BJreject most kinds of recorded performances. CJexaggerate the variety of live performan

18、ces. DJoverestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?AThey are often inferior to live concerts in quality.fBThey are easily accessible to the general public.CIThey help improve the quality of music. DThey have only covered masterp

19、ieces.25. Regarding Gilberts role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels AJdoubtfuL Benthusiastic. Cconfident. D puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vagu

20、e excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company. Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision, McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on

21、 September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isnt alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with th

22、e explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who dont get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their rep

23、utations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opp

24、ortunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis

25、 Carey:I cant think of a single search Ive done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.Those who jumped without a job havent always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before sh

26、e became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has m

27、ade it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. The traditional rule was its safer to stay where you are, but thats been fundamentally inverted, says one headhunter. The people whove been hurt the worst are those whove stayed too long.26. When McGee announced his departure, his mann

28、er can best be described as being Aarrogant. Blfrank. Cself-centered. Dimpulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives quitting may be spurred byAtheir expectation of better financial status. BJtheir need to reflect on their private life. CJtheir strained relations with the boards. DJtheir

29、 pursuit of new career goals.28. The word poached (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means AJapproved of. BJattended to. CJhunted for.Dguarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatAtop performers used to cling to their posts. BJloyalty of top performers is getting out-dated. C

30、Jtop performers care more about reputations. DJits safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?ACEOs: Where to Go?BCEOs: All the Way Up?CTop Managers Jump without a NetDThe Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success

31、 used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional paid media - such as television commercials and print advertisements - still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create owned media by sending

32、 e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the init

33、iator for users responses. But in some cases, one marketers owned media become another marketers paid media for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-

34、commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that pr

35、omotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies, marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies

36、 concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the oppo

37、site of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally crea

38、ted them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the companys response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example,

39、alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31. Consumers may create “earned” media

40、 when they areAJ obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.B inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.C eager to help their friends promote quality products.D enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media featureA a safe business e

41、nvironment.BJ random competition.C strong user traffic.D flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned mediaAJ invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.B can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.C may be responsible for fiercer competition.DJ

42、deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motors experience is cited as an example ofAJ responding effectively to hijacked media.BJ persuading customers into boycotting products.CJ cooperating with supportive consumers. DJ taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following i

43、s the text mainly about ?AJ Alternatives to conventional paid media.fBJ Conflict between hijacked and earned media.C Dominance of hijacked media.DJ Popularity of owned media.Text 4Its no surprise that Jennifer Seniors insightful, provocative magazine cover story, I love My Children, I Hate My Life,

44、is arousing much chatter nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of

45、 thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be

46、sources of intense gratification and delight.The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the onlyMadonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive and newly single - mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual Jennifer Aniston

47、 is pregnant news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn

48、t seem quite foir, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldnt have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that ce