2022-年考研英语(一)真题及答案.docx

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1、2022年考研英语(一)真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s)fbr each numbered blank and mark At B, CorDon the ANSWER SHEET. (Wpoints)The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term *plant neurobiology* was (

2、1)coined around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be (2) compared to intelligence in animals. (3) Though plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that (4) hinted at consciousness, researchers previously reported

3、.But such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it (5) differs so greatly from that of animals that so-called (6) evidence of plants* intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.Beginning in 2006,some scientists have (7) argued that

4、plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters, (8) forming “a plant nervous system, (9) analogousto that in animals,* said lead study author Lincoln Taiz, HThey (10) even claimed that plants havebrain-like command centers Mat their root tips.This (11) perspective

5、 makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, (12) reducing it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals. (13) However, the signaling in a plant is only (14) superficially similar to the firing in acomplex animal brain, which is mor

6、e than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,MTaiz said.MFor consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold (15) level of complexity and capacity is required, he (16) added. HSince plants dont have nervous systems, the (17) chances that they have consciousness are effectively zero.And

7、whats so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants cant run away from (18) danger, so investing energy in a body system which (19) recognizes a threat and can feel pain would be a very (20) poor evolutionary strategy, according to the article.1 .A.coined B.discovered C. collected D. issued答案:A2 .A.a

8、ttributed B. Directed C. compared D. confined 答案:C3 .A.unless B.when C.once D. though 答案:D4 .A.cope with B.consisted of C. hinted at D. extended O答案:C5 .A.suffers B.benefits C. develops D. differs答案:D答案:B7 .A.doubted B.denied C.argued D. requested答案:C8 .A.adapting B.forming C. repairing D. testing答案

9、:B9 .A.analogous B.essential C. suitable D. sensitive答案:AW.A.just B.ever C. still D.even答案:D11 .A.restriction B.experiment C.perspective D. demand答案:C12 .A.attaching B.reducing C.returning D.exposing答案:B13 .A.However B.Moreover C.Therefore D.Otherwise答案:A14 .A.temporarily B.literally C.superficially

10、 D.imaginarily答案:C15 .A.list B.level C.label D.local答案:B16 .A.recalled B. agreed C.questioned D. added答案:D答案:A18 .A.danger B.failure C. warning D.control答案:A19 .A.represents B. includes C. reveals D.recognizes答案:D20 .A.humble B.poor C.practical D.easy答案:BSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirecti

11、ons:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing Af B. CorD.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1People often complain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Marian

12、a Trench, because plastics are everywhereand dont break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle.They “weep” out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions,such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important obj

13、ects. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, the first artificial heart.Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didnt always know how to mix ingredients properly,

14、 says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands.Its like baking a cake: If you dont have exact amounts, it goes wrong, she says. The object you make is already a time bomb.And sometimes, its not the a

15、rtists fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Piero Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen nature carpets11 - large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. He want

16、ed viewers to walk around on the carpets - which meant they had to be durable.Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable. Its especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardis pumpkins, roses, and other figures were splittingand crumbling. Museums locked

17、some of them away in the dark.So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardis sculptures. They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. Van Oosten calls those chemicals sunscreens because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. S

18、he is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.Despite success stories like van Oostens, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate, are i

19、ncreasingly common.And more is at stake here than individual objects. Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history - Stone Age, Iron Age, and s

20、oon - after examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic, she says, nand whatwe decide to collect today, what we decide to preservewill have a strong impact on how inthe future well be seen.21. According to Paragraph 1, museums are faced with difRculties in_A_.A maintaining their

21、 plastic items.B obtaining durable plastic artifacts.C handling outdated plastic exhibits.D classifying their plastic collections.22. Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are_B_.A immune to decay.B improperly shaped.C inherently flawed.D complex in structure.23. Museums stopped exhibitin

22、g some of Gilardis artworks to_D_.A keep them from hurting visitors.B duplicate them for future display.C have their ingredients analyzed.D prevent them from further damage.24. The author thinks that preservation of plastics is_D_.A costly .B unworthy. C unpopular. D challenging.25. In Ferreira*s op

23、inion, preservation of plastic artifactsB_.A will inspire future scientific research.B has profound historical significance.C will help us separate the material ages.D has an impact on toda/s cultural life.Text 2As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up the

24、ir options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey.Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for l

25、ife. But that promise has been found wanting. As degrees became universal, they became devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. Today, 28 per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average amongOECD countries.This is not to

26、 say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available.Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to

27、learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degreemindset. Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. Many too are seeing theadvantages of

28、scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the first of many. In this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. Postgraduates nowearn 40 per cent more than graduates. When more and more of

29、us have a degree, it makes sense tohave two.It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education at 18 or 21; they will need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay employable. It has been estimated that this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for p

30、ersonal fulfilment and desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the course of their working life and have five different careers. Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Zs career trajectory.Older generations often talk about their

31、 degree in the present and personal tense: I am a geographer* or I am a ciassist. Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; it*s as if theyalready know that their degree won*t define them in the same way.26. the author suggests that Generation Z should_C_A be careful in choosing a colleg

32、eB be diligent at each educational stageC reassess the necessity of college educationD postpone their undergraduate application27. The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflect_B_A Millennials opinions about workB the shrinking value of a degreeC public discontent with educationD the

33、desired route of social mobility28. The author considers it a good sign that_C_A Generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degree.B School leavers are willing to be sk川ed workers.C Employers are taking a realistic attitude to degreesD Parents are changing their minds about education.29. It is advise

34、d in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree should_D_A make an early decision on their careerB attend on the job training programsC team up with high-paid postgraduatesD further their studies in a specific field30. What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?_A_A Lifelong l

35、earning will define them.B They will make qualified educators.C Degree will no longer appeal them.D They will have a limited choice of jobs.Text 3Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborati

36、ons in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said, they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.Such an encouraging results is not surprising.

37、Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them communicate their work to new audiences. MArtists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning/1 One respondent said.One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the

38、 scenes came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldis The Four Seasons. They reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting the latest climate predictiondata for each season-provided by Monash Universitys Climate Change Communication ResearchHub.

39、 The performance was a creative call to action ahead of Novembers United Nations ClimateChange Conference in Glasgow, UK.But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artist than scientists responded to the Nature poll, however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist

40、 scientists withtheir communication requirements. Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study.The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, areable to jointly design it and can critique each others work. Such an approach can both pro

41、mpt newresearch as well as result in powerful art.More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture. The founders deliberately focused their projects around light hence the visual

42、studies in the name. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form thebasis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers co

43、uldalso be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.Natures poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever, but, to make a collaboration work, both sides need to invest time, and embrace surprise and challenge. The reach of art-sciencetie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of

44、 research communication, and participants.Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention, and challenge and critique arecore to both, too.31. According to paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have _B_.A caught the attention of criticsB received favorable responsesC promoted

45、academic publishingD sparked heated public disputes32. The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that_A_.A art can offer audiences easy access to scienceB science can help with the expression of emotionsC public participation in science has a promising futureD art is effective in

46、 facilitating scientific innovations33. Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership_A_.A their role may be underestimatedB their reputation may be impairedC their creativity may be inhibitedD their work may be misguided34. What does the author say about CAVS?_B_A It was headed al

47、ternately by artists and scientistsB It exemplified valuable art-science alliancesC Its projects aimed at advancing visual studiesD Its founders sought to raise the status of artists35. In the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations_C_.A are likely to go beyond public expect

48、ationsB will intensify interdisciplinary competitionC should do more than communicating scienceD are becoming more popular than beforeText 4The personal grievance provisions of New Zealand*s Employment Relations Act 2000 (ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. Instead, dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedural