考研英语历年真题题库及答案(1980-2011年).docx

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1、2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishAncient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health. But _1some claims to the contrary,laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does 2short-term changes in the function of the heart and

2、its bloodvessels,3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hardlaughter is difficult to _4_, a good laugh is unlikely to have _5benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does._6_, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the _7, studies da

3、ting back to the 1930 s indicate that laughter_8muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes afterthe laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9_the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of 10 feedback, that improve

4、 an individual9 semotional state._11 one classical theory of emotion, our feelingsare partially rooted 12physical reactions. It was argued at theend of the 19th century that humans do not cry13they are sad butthey become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also 14 tears, evidence sugge

5、sts thatemotions can flow _15muscular responses. In an experiment publishedin 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of wtlrzburg in Germany asked volunteers to _16 a pen either with theirteeth-thereby creating an artificial smile - or with their 1 ips, which would produce a(n)_17

6、expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles18more exuberantly to funny cartons than did thosewhose mouths were contracted in a frown,19that expressions mayinfluence emotions rather than just the other way around _20_, the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1.AamongBexceptCdes

7、piteDlike2.AreflectBdemandCindicateDproduce3.AstabilizingBboostingCimpairingDdetermining4.AtransmitBsustainCevaluateDobserve5.AmeasurableBmanageableCaffordableDrenewable2大家版词典级31年考研英语真题及答案6.AIn turnBIn factCIn additionDIn brief7.AoppositeBimpossibleClaverageDexpected8.AhardensBweakensCtightensDrelax

8、es9.AaggravateBgenerateCmoderateDenhance10.AphysicalBmentalCsubconsciousDinternal11.AExcept forBAccording toCDue toDAs for12.AwithLB onCinDat13.AunlessBluntilClifDbecause14.AexhaustsBfollowsCprecedesDsuppresses15.AintoBfromCtowardsDbeyond16.AfetchBbiteCpickDlhold17.Adisappointed BexcitedCjoyfulDindi

9、fferent18.AadaptedBcateredCturnedDreacted19.AsuggestingBrequiringCimentioningDsupposing20.AEventuallyBConsequently CSimilarlySection II Reading ComprehensionDConverselyPart AText 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the class

10、ical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least.Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however

11、, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert? s appointment in the Times, calls him ”an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him. As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by mu

12、sicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not nec

13、essary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance

14、are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There r

15、ecordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed“ at a time and place of the listenerJ s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institutio

16、n of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert1 s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of

17、turning the Philharmonic into a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America s ol

18、dest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilberts appointment hasAincurred criticism.Braised suspicion.Creceived acclaim.Daroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who isAinfluential.Bmodest.Crespectable.Dtalented.23. The author believes

19、 that the devoted concertgoersAignore the expenses of live performances.Breject most kinds of recorded performances.Cexaggerate the variety of 1ive performances.Doverestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the fol lowing is true of recordings?AThey are often infer

20、ior to live concerts in quality.BThey are easily accessible to the general public.CThey help improve the quality of music.DThey have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert1 s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feelsAdoubtful.Benthusiastic.Cconfident.Dpuzzled.Text 2When Liam M

21、cGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving a to pursue my goal of running a company. Broadcasting his ambition was avery much my decision,“

22、McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear

23、 message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn, t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don

24、, t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quart

25、er, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executi

26、ves and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: I can, t think of a single search I ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without

27、a job haven t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He final

28、ly took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.The traditional rule was it, s safer to stay where you are, but thatJ s be

29、en fundamentally inverted,“ says one headhunter.“The people who, ve been hurt the worst are those who ve stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as beingAarrogant.B frank.Cself-centered.Dimpulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives, quit

30、ting may be spurred byAtheir expectation of better financial status.Btheir need to reflect on their private life.Ctheir strained relations with the boards.Dtheir pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached”(Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably meansA approved of.Battended to.C hunted for.Dguarde

31、d against.1. .It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatAtop performers used to cling to their posts.Bloyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.Ctop performers care more about reputations.Dit9 s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the te

32、xt?ACEOs: Where to Go?BCEOs: All the Way Up?CTop Managers Jump without a NetDThe Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid media - such as television commercials and print advertisements - s

33、till play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned“ media by sending e-mai1 alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors be

34、yond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users responses. But in some cases, one marketers owned media become another marketer * s paid media - for instance, when an e-commer

35、ce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend , which we believe is sti 11 in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and tra

36、vel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objec

37、tive, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies? marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have

38、 also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations

39、about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target co

40、mpany at risk. In such a case, the companys response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media respon

41、se campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31. Consumers may create “earned” media when they areA obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.B inspired by product-promoting e-maiIs sent to them.C eager to help

42、their friends promote quality products.D enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media featureA a safe business environment.B random competition.C strong user traffic.D flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned m

43、ediaA invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.B can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.C may be responsible for fiercer competition.D deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor s experience is cited as an example ofA responding effectively to hijacked med

44、ia.B persuading customers into boycotting products.C cooperating with supportive consumers.D taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?A Alternatives to conventional paid media.B Conflict between hijacked and earned media.C Dominance of hijacked media.D

45、Popularity of owned media.Text 4It s no surprise that Jennifer SeniorJ s insightful, provocative magazine cover story,“I love My Children, I Hate My Life,“ is arousing much chatter - nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, lif

46、e-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that chiIdren make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even thou

47、gh the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-chiId image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive - and newly single - mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual uJennifer Aniston is pregnantnews. Practic