考研英语历年真题.docx

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1、2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot 1its l

2、egitimacy as guardian of the rule of law 2justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that 3the courts reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for exam pie, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely

3、 that the courts decisions will be 4 as impartial judgments. Part of theproblem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that 7 to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases 8 the question of whet

4、her there is still a _9_betweenthe court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions 11 they would be free to 12 those inpower and have no need to 13 political support. Our legal system was designed to s

5、etlaw apart from politics precisely because they are so closely 14.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it 16 is inescapably political-which is why decis

6、ions split along ideological lines are soeasily 17 as unjust.The justices must 18 doubts about the courts legitimacy by making themselves19 to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separatefrom politics and,20, convincing as law.1.Aemphasize Bmaintain Cmodify D recog

7、nize2. AwhenBlestC beforeD unless3.ArestoredB weakenedC establishedD eliminated4.AchallengedBcompromisedC suspectedD accepted5.AadvancedBcaughtCboundDfounded6.AresistantB subjectCimmuneDprone7.AresortsB sticksC loadsD applies8.AevadeB raiseCdenyDsettle9.AlineBbarrierC similarityDconflict10.AbyB asC

8、thoughDtowards11.AsoB sinceCprovidedDthough12.AserveB satisfyC upsetD replace13.AconfirmB expressC cultivateDoffer14.AguardedBfollowedCstudiedDtied15.AconceptsBtheoriesCdivisionsDconceptions16.AexcludesBquestionsCshapesDcontrols17.AdismissedB releasedC rankedDdistorted18.AsuppressBexploitC addressDi

9、gnore19.AaccessibleBamiableC agreeableD accountable20.Aby all mesnsB at al I costsCin a wordDas a resultSection 11 Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1C

10、ome on -Everybodys doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also

11、be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: I n Sout

12、h Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. InSouth Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observ

13、er. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. Dare to be different, please dont smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking a

14、mong teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenbergis less persuasive. Join the Club is

15、 filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here is that it doesnt work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding

16、was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.Theres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via soci

17、al communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. Its like the teacher who breaks up the

18、 troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And thafs the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressu

19、re often emerges asA a supplement to the social cureB a stimulus to group dynamicsC an obstacle to school progressD a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenbergholds that public advocates shouldA recruit professional advertisersB learn from advertisers* experienceC stay away from commercial adverti

20、sersD recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the authors view,Rosenbergs book fails toA adequately probe social and biological factorsB effectively evade the flaws of the social cureC illustrate the functions of state fundingDproduce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that o

21、ur imitation of behaviorsA is harmful to our networks of friendsB will mislead behavioral studiesC occurs without our realizing itD can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure isA harmfulB desirableC profoundD questionableText 2A d

22、eal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermontlast week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done prec

23、isely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality ofVermonfs rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. Ifs a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation boughtVermonf

24、s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor inVernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plants license be subject toVe

25、rmontlegislatures approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didnt foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe

26、 system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankees safety and Entergys management- especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergys behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is sudde

27、nly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear pow

28、er, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.T

29、he company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, includin

30、g Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Com mission (NRC) reviews the companys application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26

31、. The phrase reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning toA condemning.B reaffirming.C dishonoring.D securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended toA obtain protection from Vermont regulators.B seek favor from the federal legislature.C acquire an extension of its busines

32、s license .D get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with itsA managerial practices.B technical innovativeness.C financial goals.D business vision29. In the authors view, the Vermont case will testA Entergys capacity to fulfill all its pr

33、omises.B the mature of states patchwork regulations.C the federal authority over nuclear issues .D the limits of states* power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA Entergys business elsewhere might be affected.B the authority of the NRC will be defied.C Entergy wi

34、ll withdraw its Plymouth application.D Vermonts reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practi

35、ce of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. O

36、pportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature di

37、scovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researchers me, here, now becomes the comm unitys anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike

38、with mining claims, the comm unity takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their ow

39、n purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved

40、transforms an individuaPs discovery claim into the communitys credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and

41、confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future resear

42、chers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.M But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may

43、not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.I n the end, credibility “happens“ to a discovery claim - a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.We reason together, cha

44、llenge, revise, and complete each others reasoning and each others conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by itsA uncertainty and complexity.B misconception and deceptiveness.C logicality and objectivity.D systematicness and regularity.

45、32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requiresA strict inspection.Bshared efforts.C individual wisdom.Dpersistent innovation.33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after itA has attracted the attention of the general public.Bhas been examined by the

46、scientific community.C has received recognition from editors and reviewers.Dhas been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gydrgyi would most likely agree thatA scientific claims will survive challenges.Bdiscoveries today inspire future research.C efforts to make discoveries are just

47、ified.Dscientific work calls for a critical mind.35. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?A Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.BCollective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.C Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.DChallenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffas Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American governmen