科技文本的翻译ppt课件.ppt

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1、科技文体的汉译英 严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。科技文体的范畴科技文体可以泛指一切论及或谈及科学和技术科技文体可以泛指一切论及或谈及科学和技术的书面语和口语，其中包括：的书面语和口语，其中包括：1.1.科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案；科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案；2.2.各类科技情报和文字资料；各类科技情报和文字资料；3.3.科技实用手册科技实用手册(Operative Means,(Operative Means,包括仪器、包括仪器、仪表、机械、工具等）的结构描述和操作规程；仪表、机械、工

2、具等）的结构描述和操作规程；4.4.有关科技问题的会谈、会议、交谈的用语；有关科技问题的会谈、会议、交谈的用语；5.5.有关科技的影片、录像等有声资料的解说词，有关科技的影片、录像等有声资料的解说词，等等。等等。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。1.科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案；2.各类科技情报和文字资料；这两项科技英语，在文体学上统称为科学散文。(scientific prose)严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。科技英语文体

3、总貌着重叙事逻辑上的联贯着重叙事逻辑上的联贯(Coherence)(Coherence)及表达上的及表达上的明晰明晰(Clarity)(Clarity)与畅达与畅达(Fluency)(Fluency)；避免行文晦；避免行文晦涩，作者避免表露个人感情，避免论证上的主涩，作者避免表露个人感情，避免论证上的主观随意性。观随意性。因此，科技英语总是力求少用或不因此，科技英语总是力求少用或不用描述性形容词以及具有抒情作用的副词、感用描述性形容词以及具有抒情作用的副词、感叹词及疑问词。叹词及疑问词。科技英语结构力求平易科技英语结构力求平易(Plainness)(Plainness)和精确和精确(Preci

4、seness)(Preciseness)，因此尽力避免使用旨在加强语，因此尽力避免使用旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的各种修辞格，忌用夸张、言感染力和宣传效果的各种修辞格，忌用夸张、借喻、讥讽、反诘、双关及押韵等修辞手段，借喻、讥讽、反诘、双关及押韵等修辞手段，以免使读者产生行文浮华、内容虚饰之感。以免使读者产生行文浮华、内容虚饰之感。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。科技文体的一般特征(1)(1)无人称（无人称（Impersonal)Impersonal)(2)(2)语气正式语气正式(Formal in Mode o

5、f (Formal in Mode of Speech)Speech)(3)(3)陈述客观、准确陈述客观、准确(Objective and(Objective and Accurate in Statement)Accurate in Statement)(4)(4)语言规范语言规范(Standard in Language)(Standard in Language)(5)(5)文体质朴文体质朴(Unadorned in stylistics)(Unadorned in stylistics)(6)(6)逻辑性强逻辑性强(Strict in Logic)(Strict in Logic)(7

6、)(7)专业术语性强专业术语性强(Concentrated in (Concentrated in Technical Terms)Technical Terms)严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。（1）无人称绝大多数科技文章很少使用有人称的句子。绝大多数科技文章很少使用有人称的句子。这这主要是由于科技文章所描述和所讨论的是科学主要是由于科技文章所描述和所讨论的是科学发现或科技实事。发现或科技实事。尽管科技活动系人类所为，尽管科技活动系人类所为，但由于科技文章所报告的主要是这种科技的结但由于科技文章所报告的主要是这种

7、科技的结果或自然规律，而不是报告这些结果或自然规果或自然规律，而不是报告这些结果或自然规律是由谁发现或完成的，因此，科技文章往往律是由谁发现或完成的，因此，科技文章往往没有人称。没有人称。无人称不是绝对的；总的来说，人称句在科技无人称不是绝对的；总的来说，人称句在科技文章中的比例很小。文章中的比例很小。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。The general layoutThe general layout of the illumination system and lenses of the of the ill

8、umination system and lenses of the microscope corresponds to the layout of the light microscope.The microscope corresponds to the layout of the light microscope.The electron“gun”which produces the electrons is equivalent to the light electron“gun”which produces the electrons is equivalent to the lig

9、ht source of the optical microscope.source of the optical microscope.The electronsThe electrons are accelerated by a are accelerated by a high-voltage potential(usually 40,000 to 100 000 volts),and pass high-voltage potential(usually 40,000 to 100 000 volts),and pass through a condenser lens system

10、usually composed of two magnetic through a condenser lens system usually composed of two magnetic lenses.lenses.The systemThe system concentrates the beam on to the specimen,and the concentrates the beam on to the specimen,and the objective lens provides the primary magnification.objective lens prov

11、ides the primary magnification.The final imagesThe final images in in the electron microscope must be projected on to a phosphor-coated the electron microscope must be projected on to a phosphor-coated screen so that it can be seen.For this reason,screen so that it can be seen.For this reason,the le

12、nsesthe lenses that are that are equivalent of the eyepiece in an optical microscope are called equivalent of the eyepiece in an optical microscope are called“projector”lenses.“projector”lenses.(From Thornley G C,(From Thornley G C,Further Scientific English PracticeFurther Scientific English Practi

13、ce)严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。（2）语气正式A Talk about CorrosionA Talk about Corrosion Dr.BrownDr.Brown:Good Morning,Mr.Smith.Can I take:Good Morning,Mr.Smith.Can I take your coat?Awful weather,isnt it?Sit down.your coat?Awful weather,isnt it?Sit down.Cigarette?Cigarette?Mr.S

14、mithMr.Smith:No,I dont smoke,thanks very much.:No,I dont smoke,thanks very much.Dr.BrownDr.Brown:Well,Ive been looking into your:Well,Ive been looking into your enquiry about the corrosion trouble youve been enquiry about the corrosion trouble youve been getting in the control valve.Im sorry youve h

15、ad getting in the control valve.Im sorry youve had trouble-quite unexpected-but I think we trouble-quite unexpected-but I think we have the answer.The most probable cause of have the answer.The most probable cause of corrosion at a metal-to-metal junction immersed corrosion at a metal-to-metal junct

16、ion immersed in an ionized fluid is electrolytic.in an ionized fluid is electrolytic.(From BBC,(From BBC,Scientifically SpeakingScientifically Speaking)严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。（3）陈述客观、准确科技文章是反映客观事实的，文章中不能参杂作者个人的主观意识，不能带个人感情色彩，对客观事实的陈述必须客观、准确。这既是科技文章的特征，也是对科技文章作者的基本要求。

17、严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。（4）语言规范科技文章的语言一般比较规范，主要表现为语法的规范性。这与文学作品有很大不同。科技文章的语法之所以规范，是因为其描述的客观事物必须准确无误这一要求决定的。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。（5）文体质朴在修辞手段上，科技文章以交际修辞为主（Dominated in communicative rhetoric),文风质朴、描述准确，不像文学文体那样富于美学修辞（Aesthetic rhetori

18、c)手段和艺术色彩。主要表现在语言的统一性（Unity)和连贯性(Coherence)强，语句平衡匀密，简洁而不单调，语句长而不累赘、迂回。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。消极修辞和积极修辞根据现代修辞学的观点，修辞的目的在于提高根据现代修辞学的观点，修辞的目的在于提高语言的表达效果语言的表达效果（Brooks&Warren 1979)Brooks&Warren 1979)消极修辞（交际修辞）消极修辞（交际修辞）：在总体上注重逻辑思：在总体上注重逻辑思维，其重点在于使语言表达简明、流畅、准确，维，其重点在于使语言表

19、达简明、流畅、准确，有效地发挥语言的交际功能。有效地发挥语言的交际功能。“意义明确、伦意义明确、伦次通顺、词句平匀、安排稳密。次通顺、词句平匀、安排稳密。”（陈望道）（陈望道）积极修辞（美学修辞）积极修辞（美学修辞）：在把握逻辑思维的基：在把握逻辑思维的基础上，偏重于语言表达的生动、活泼、优雅、础上，偏重于语言表达的生动、活泼、优雅、具感染力，从而取得语言的艺术性表达效果。具感染力，从而取得语言的艺术性表达效果。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Sir,we have done everything that cou

20、ld be done to Sir,we have done everything that could be done to avert to the storm which is now coming on.We avert to the storm which is now coming on.We have petitioned;we have remonstrated;we have have petitioned;we have remonstrated;we have supplicated;we have prostrated ourselves before supplica

21、ted;we have prostrated ourselves before the throne,and have implored its interposition to the throne,and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and Parliament.Our petitions have been slighted;our Parliament.Our p

22、etitions have been slighted;our remonstrances have produced additional violence remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult;our supplications have been and insult;our supplications have been disregarded;and we have been spurned,with disregarded;and we have been spurned,with contempt,f

23、rom the foot of throne,There is no contempt,from the foot of throne,There is no longer any room for hope.longer any room for hope.严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。There is no retreat but in submission and slavery!Our chains are forged.Their clanking may be heard on the plains

24、of Boston!The war is inevitable and let it come!I repeat it,sir,let it come!Is life so dear,or peace so sweet,as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery?Forbid it,Almighty God!I know not what course other may take,but for me,give me liberty or give me death!严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到

25、及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。（6）逻辑性强概念准确，判断合理、恰当，推理严密。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。赵祖谟小说创作隐性逻辑“无论文学家还是科学家，其思维都离不开感无论文学家还是科学家，其思维都离不开感情、形象、理性，这一点当前已形成共识。那情、形象、理性，这一点当前已形成共识。那么小说家和科学家思维方式的不同究竟在哪里么小说家和科学家思维方式的不同究竟在哪里？就在于情感、形象、理性诸因素在整个思维？就在于情感、形象、理性诸因素在整个思维活动中所处的地位、所起的作用不同。科学家活动中所

26、处的地位、所起的作用不同。科学家是人，而人不可能无情。但科学家之情推动他是人，而人不可能无情。但科学家之情推动他力求客观地、冷静地做出判断、推理，科学家力求客观地、冷静地做出判断、推理，科学家以抽象的论证为指归。以抽象的论证为指归。科学研究的成果既有抽科学研究的成果既有抽象的理论又有形象的营构，其内核是理性，他象的理论又有形象的营构，其内核是理性，他力避主观情感对客观事物的介入。力避主观情感对客观事物的介入。”严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。“小说家是人，是人就不能无理。但小说家的理在整个创作过程中始终同情紧密结合

27、，不能一时一刻忘记情。小说家以创造形象为指归。而形象的内核是情，因而小说家要强化感情的介入，讲究移情。”小说创作隐性逻辑 严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。赵先生这里所说的“理”即是逻辑，“情”即是修辞（美学修辞）。由此可见，无论科技文章还是文学作品，都离不开逻辑和修辞（美学修辞），只是前者逻辑性突出，而后者富于修辞（美学修辞）和艺术色彩罢了。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。（7）专业术语性强众所周知，科技文章（科普文章除外）均有一个专业

28、范围。一般来说，其读者均是“本专业”的科技人员，至少说是文章是为“本专业”的读者而写的。专业术语是构成科技理论的语言基础，其余一具有严谨性和单一性。采用术语写作能使文章更加准确而简洁。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。专业术语十分密集It is possible to prove that as the number of tosses It is possible to prove that as the number of tosses of coin is increased indefinitely,or o

29、f coin is increased indefinitely,or“to infinity”,“to infinity”,so the so the binomial distributionbinomial distribution becomes identical with becomes identical with the the normal distributionnormal distribution.For each kind of.For each kind of random random eventevent there is an there is an unde

30、rlying distributionunderlying distribution.The.The normal or Gaussiannormal or Gaussian distributiondistribution is very important is very important because it arises very often in practice and also because it arises very often in practice and also because it is very important in theory.Many because

31、 it is very important in theory.Many distributionsdistributions like like binomialbinomial tend to become more tend to become more and more like the normal as the number of events and more like the normal as the number of events or the size of the or the size of the sample sample increases.increases

32、.严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Another well-known statistical distribution is the Poisson distribution.If we are dealing with the frequency of occurrence of events which occur at random in time and space,we should expect the Poisson distribution to play some part in the cal

33、culation.(From BBC,Scientifically Speaking)严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。借用动物名称的专业术语借用动物名称的专业术语 英语 日常用语意义 机械专业术语意义 pig 猪 金属锭块 dog 狗 挡块，止动爪 cat 猫 吊锚，履带拖拉机 cock 公鸡 旋塞，吊车 horse 马 支架，铁杆 fish 鱼 接合板，夹板 snake 蛇 斑点 monkey 猴子 活动板手，起重机小车 fox 狐狸 绳索 bird 鸟 飞机，火箭 严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相

34、关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。英语英语英语英语 日常用语意义日常用语意义日常用语意义日常用语意义 机械专业术语意义机械专业术语意义机械专业术语意义机械专业术语意义 coat coat 外衣外衣 镀层镀层 cap cap 帽子帽子 轴承盖，罩壳轴承盖，罩壳 shoe shoe 鞋子鞋子 闸瓦，履带片闸瓦，履带片 cup cup 杯子杯子 皮碗，轴套皮碗，轴套 bed bed 床床 底座，机床身底座，机床身 bench bench 长凳长凳 拉床，钳工台拉床，钳工台 house house 房子房子 箱体，罩箱体，罩 disk disk 唱片唱片 硬磨盘硬磨盘

35、desk desk 书桌书桌 控制屏控制屏 table table 桌子桌子 放料盘放料盘 借用物品名称的专业术语严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。英语英语英语英语 日常用语意义日常用语意义日常用语意义日常用语意义 机械专业术语意义机械专业术语意义机械专业术语意义机械专业术语意义 eye eye 眼眼 孔环孔环 ear ear 耳耳 吊钩吊钩 mouth mouth 口口 开度开度 nose nose 鼻鼻 喷嘴喷嘴 hand hand 手手 手柄，指针手柄，指针 finger finger 手指手指 厚薄规厚薄规

36、foot foot 脚脚 支座支座 head head 头头 冒口，刀架冒口，刀架 neck neck 颈颈 座座 body body 身体身体 机身机身 hair hair 头发头发 游丝游丝 tooth tooth 牙齿牙齿 粗糙面粗糙面 借用人体器官名称的专业术语严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。注意事项任何一种文体的语言特征都不是绝对的。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。现代科普英语出现了与上述文体特征并行的趋势，即强调摆脱科技文体

37、的因袭文风(EST Stereotype)，力求洗刷科技文章的枯涩与沉闷感(Dullness and Heaviness)。科普作品的作者往往采用比较通俗的文风，融知识性和趣味性于一体，用词灵活，词句带有一定的感情色彩，尽量减少使用专业术语，有时也使用人称和比较华丽的词藻。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。科普文章举例 A large proportion of strokes are proceed days,A large proportion of strokes are proceed days,weeks

38、or months before the strokes occur by weeks or months before the strokes occur by warning signs or symptoms.Prompt attention to warning signs or symptoms.Prompt attention to these symptoms can often make all the difference these symptoms can often make all the difference between a healthy life and a

39、 half-life in a twilight between a healthy life and a half-life in a twilight zone.zone.The most common warning sign is a feeling of The most common warning sign is a feeling of weakness or numbness in an arm or leg or one side weakness or numbness in an arm or leg or one side of the body.There may

40、be temporary loss of of the body.There may be temporary loss of speech or difficulty in speaking or understanding speech or difficulty in speaking or understanding speech;temporary loss or dimness or vision;speech;temporary loss or dimness or vision;temporary dizziness,unsteadiness or fainting tempo

41、rary dizziness,unsteadiness or fainting spells.spells.严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。These symptoms are caused by“transient ischemic These symptoms are caused by“transient ischemic attacks(TIAs),or“little strokes”.Ischemic means attacks(TIAs),or“little strokes”.Ischemic mean

42、s a deficiency of blood in the arteries of the brain.In a deficiency of blood in the arteries of the brain.In TIAs,the deficiency lasts only for a few seconds TIAs,the deficiency lasts only for a few seconds or minutes and causes only momentary disability.or minutes and causes only momentary disabil

43、ity.As TIAs-they may be infrequent or occur As TIAs-they may be infrequent or occur several times a day-are usually very brief and several times a day-are usually very brief and not alarming they are often ignored,with tragic not alarming they are often ignored,with tragic consequences.If consequenc

44、es.If you you promptly report them to promptly report them to youryour doctor,doctor,hehe will take immediate steps to discover the will take immediate steps to discover the cause in order to prevent any impending strokes.cause in order to prevent any impending strokes.严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做

45、到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。达尔文的物种起源选段 It is interesting to contemplate a tangled bank,It is interesting to contemplate a tangled bank,clothed with many plants of many kinds,with birds clothed with many plants of many kinds,with birds singing on the bushes,with various insects flitting singing on the

46、bushes,with various insects flitting about,and with worms crawling through the damp about,and with worms crawling through the damp earth,and to reflect that these elaborately earth,and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms,so different from each other,constructed forms,so different fro

47、m each other,and dependent upon each other in so complex a and dependent upon each other in so complex a manner,have all been produced by laws acting manner,have all been produced by laws acting around us.(around us.(美学修辞手段：隐喻、拟人、排比美学修辞手段：隐喻、拟人、排比等）等）严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行

48、为或突发事件。这是科技文体的变异，但并不是科技文体特征的主流。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。科技文章的句法特征（）在人称的使用上，强调文章的客观性，汉语中常使用“笔者”、“我们”、“本文”而不使用“我”来充当得出某一结论的主语；英语中则常使用The author thinks that/The authors have investigated/This paper illustrates等句式。（2）英语科技文章名词化结构用得多。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报

49、并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。（）时态变化不明显：汉语里的动词无时态变化，动词所发生的时间往往是通过时间状语表示。英语中叙述客观事实几乎千篇一律使用现在时。（）在语态方面，汉语中主动语态使用较多，而英语中，被动语态使用较多。（）汉语和英语的科技文章中，句子结构都较为复杂。严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。科技写作的要求和科技翻译的标准科技写作要求结构严谨、富有逻辑；在语言表达上坚持准确(precision)、清晰(clarity)和简洁(brevity)的三大顺序原则。“These three criteria ar

50、e highly desirable in scientific writing but they should always be considered in that order.”(David Lindsay,A Guide to Scientific Writing,p.38)严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。科技汉译英的方法1)名词化结构的应用（见课本334页）2)被动语态的应用（335页）3)运用复合词4)运用合句法严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各