实验经济学软件ztree教程ppt课件.ppt

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1、本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。zTree Workshop:Fundamentals of zTreeJustin EsareyFlorida State UniversityDepartment of Political ScienceJuly 11th,2005本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。What is zTree?lZ

2、urich Toolbox for Readymade Economic ExperimentslConsists of two programslzTree(the programming environment and experiment server)lzLeaf(the client program for subjects)lDesigned primarily for public goods games,structured bargaining experiments,posted-offer-markets and double auctions本标准适用于已投入商业运行的

3、火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。What You Will Need to Program in zTreelzTree and zLeaf Programs(zTree.exe and zLeaf.exe)lAvailable at http:/www.som.yale.edu/faculty/Sunder/ExperimentalEconomics/ExpEcon.htmllzTree Tutorial Manual(ztree21tutorial.pdf)lA“guided tour

4、”of zTrees capabilities;more instructionallzTree Reference Manual(ztree21ref.pdf)lAn organized reference of zTree code本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Readings to DolTodaylBasic Experiments and Questionnaires(Tutorial pp.7-16,77-81)lTomorrowlRunning

5、Experiments and Recovering Data(Tutorial pp.83-89)lFunctions and Control Structures(Tutorial pp.17-41)本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Programming A Simple Public Goods GamelRecall the idea of a Public Goods Game:lSome group of people,size N,receive

6、an endowment of moneylEvery person chooses some proportion of their endowment to contributelTotal contributions are multiplied by X 1,then everyone receives that amount backlTotal payoff=(Endowment Contribution)+(X*Total Contributions)/N本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联

7、合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Opening zTree Es ist nicht englisch!本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Changing the language setting will not affect currently open treatments.You need to open a new treatment to have the defaults set to English.You must change the

8、language setting every time you open zTree,even if your program was written under the“English”setting,because otherwise server messages will display in German when you run the program.本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Setting Language by Default本标准适用于

9、已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Stages of a Simple Public Goods GamelSubjects are broken into groups of NlSubjects receive their endowmentlSubjects make a choice for contributionlCalculate the size of the total public contribution and multiply by XlReport

10、 earnings(endowment kept+share of the public good)to all subjectsl(Repeat?)本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。TerminologylStage:In an experiment,one screen display on which a subject can take one or a few actionslTreatment:A related series of stages th

11、rough which subjects pass;can be repeatinglSession:A series of treatments all performed on the same subjects in sequence本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Stages of a Simple Public Goods GamelSubjects are broken into groups of NlSubjects receive their

12、endowmentlSubjects make a choice for contributionlCalculate the size of the total public contribution and multiply by XlReport earnings(endowment kept+share of the public good)to all subjectsBackground StageStage 1Stage 2本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增

13、补指标。More TerminologylProgram:A set of procedures used to assign variables,calculate payoffs,store information,etc.lActive Screen:The screen on which subjects see information and make decisionslWaiting Screen:A“placeholder”screen that subjects see after they make decisions in a stage and are waiting

14、for other subjects to finish the stage 本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Stages of a Simple Public Goods GamelSubjects are broken into groups of NlSubjects receive their endowmentlSubjects make a choice for contributionlCalculate the size of the total

15、 public contribution and multiply by XlReport earnings(endowment kept+share of the public good)to all subjectsBackground StageStage 1Stage 2programprogramprogramactive screenactive screen本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。OrderofExecution本标准适用于已投入商业运行的

16、火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Step 1:Setting the General Background ParameterslDouble-click on Background to show the General Parameters dialoglSet Number of Subjects to the right size(in this case,8)lSet Number of Groups to the right size(in this case,2)lSet P

17、ractice Periods to 0(we will discuss this later)lSet Paying Periods to 1(no repetitions of the treatment)本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Setting the Background Parameters(Continued)lExchange ratelMost economic experiments involve some form of cash r

18、ewardlThe reward unit within the program(Experimental Currency Units,or ECUs)can be denominated differently than the cash rewardlWe set a 1 ECU=$1(or“1 Franc”)exchange rate subjects see their real payoffs during the experimentlLump Sum Payment:ECUs you give the subject that can change during the exp

19、eriment(a“bankroll”)lShow-up Fee:Dollars/Francs that are paid at the end of the experiment(XEFS standard is$10)本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Step 2:Set Non-General Background Parameters for the ExperimentlThink about what variable parameters we ha

20、ve in this experimentlthe number of subjects(gen.background)lthe number of periods(gen.background)lX the“efficiency factor”lthe size of the endowmentSet these in a list at the top of the program makes them easy to change for different treatments本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组

21、、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Create a Program to Store the VariableslPlace cursor on SessionlSelect New Program from the Treatment menu本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Creating a New ProgramlUnder Table select SubjectslCreate two variable names for X

22、and the EndowmentlSyntax:lvariablename=number;lPress OK本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。About“Tables”of VariableslzTree stores variables in several different tables:lS

23、ubjects holds variables that may be different between subjects and between periods(most reliable)lGlobals holds variables that will be the same for all subjects but may differ between periods(have had trouble with this in the past)lSummary like the subjects table,but used to display running statisti

24、cs of an experiment for the experimenter on the serverlContracts holds buy and/or sell offers in auctionslSession holds variables that may differ across subjects but persists across treatmentslIn most cases,the Subjects table is appropriate本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉

25、以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Step 3:Ask Subjects for ContributionslPlace cursor on BackgroundlSelect New Stage from the Treatment menu本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Creating a New StagelGive the stage a name,like“Contribution”lUnder the Start menu,select

26、 Wait for all(so that all subjects enter stage together)lLeave At most one unchecked(used to make choices sequential)lUnder Leave stage after timeout,select No(makes time limit non-binding)lUnder Timeout,select 30(seconds)本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并

27、增补指标。Creating a Screen for Subjects to Enter ContributionlPlace cursor on Active ScreenlSelect New BoxStandard Box from the Treatment menu本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。TerminologylBox:A container in which text displays and entry buttons are placed

28、 on the Active Screen本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Creating a New Box1234567本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Legend of Box Creation Screen1.Label of the box(not shown to subjects)2.Size of the box,

29、in points or percent of the remaining screen3.Distance away from the(remaining)screen edge in points or percent4.Adjustment of the remaining box(whether to“cut off”the screen above,below,to the left,or to the right of the current box5.Display Condition(if present,Boolean expression that must be true

30、 in order for box to be shown)6.Button Position(where to place buttons in this box)7.Arrangement(how to arrange buttons)本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Finishing Crea

31、tion of The Box本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Putting an Item into the BoxlPlace cursor on Contribution EntrylSelect New Item from the Treatment menu本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Creating the Tex

32、t to Display本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Ways to Display Information in an Item本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Finishing the Item Text:A Title Box本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评

33、价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。A New Item:Showing the Endowment本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。The Final Item:An Input Box for Contribution本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。A Button to End the Stag

34、elPlace cursor on the last item under Active ScreenlSelect New Button from the Treatment menulSet the button as shown本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Step 3:Calculate

35、Public GoodlCreate a new stage,call it“Display Outcomes”lHighlight the new stage,then create a new program lEnter this code into the program:lPgood=Efficiencyfactor*sum(same(Group),Contribution);lNote this command:sum(same(Group),Contribution)this tells the computer to sum up the variable“Contributi

36、on”for everyone in the same Group本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。More ProgramslCreate another program under the last one,and enter the following code:lN=count(same(Group);lThis command tells the computer to count the number of people with the same g

37、roup numberlCreate a new program under the last one,and enter this code in:lProfit=Pgood/N+(Endowment Contribution);lNote:Profit is a reserved variable name that zTree uses to record the amount paid to a subject(in ECUs)in every periodlPrograms MUST be separate:you cannot use a variable created by a

38、 program in another expression until the program has been completely executed本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Step 4:Display OutcomeslCreate a new Standard box,call it

39、“Final Outcome”lSet the box to take up the entire screenlAdd items to the box:lPlace a title on the resultslDisplay the amount the subject keptlDisplay the amount of the subjects own contributionlDisplay the total contribution of the grouplDisplay the subjects share of the contributionlDisplay the f

40、inal earnings of the subjectlPut a button in to leave the stage本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Set Group Matching ProtocollSelect TreatmentParameter TablelSelect all

41、of the cells corresponding to the different subjects in Period 1lSelect TreatmentMatchingStranger本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Thats It!lSave the file using FileSavelWe are now ready to run an experiment本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标

42、的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Suggested HomeworklTry modifying todays program into a“Common Pool Resource”Game(Ostrom et al.APSR article,“Covenants With and Without a Sword”)l8 agents have a given number of work hours in a day(say,10)and can allocate them between harvesting a common pool re

43、source(x)and leisure(10-x)lCPR yields diminishing returns to increasingly intense harvestinglPayoff=x*(23X-0.25X2)+5(10-x),where X=sum(x)over all subjects本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Questionnaires本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评

44、价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。QuestionnaireslYou must run a questionnaire at the end of an experiment in order to retrieve the data from that experimentlQuestionnaires can be simple,just names and social security numbers,or involve more complicated surveyslToday,we will do a simple example of a

45、questionnaire and show more complicated examples later本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Create a QuestionnairelGo to FileNew QuestionnairelDouble-click on“Adress”(the German spelling of Address,I think)本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评

46、价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Basic Questions in Questionnaire Questions left blank will not be asked to the subjects.Label on the“OK”ButtonWhat you enter into the blank will correspond to what the header on the answer blank will read;for example,you can use the“Postal Code”blank to gather infor

47、mation about Social Security Numbers本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Adding a Final Display ScreenlSelect(single-click)“Adress”,then go to QuestionnaireNew Question FormlYou can add items to this question form,just like you do with a box in a normal

48、treatmentlTypical items to display might include:lThe variable FinalProfit total earnings from the experiment,not including the show-up feelThe variable ShowUpFeelCreate items(with labels)to display these variables本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。The

49、 Final Questionnaire本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Running a Session本标准适用于已投入商业运行的火力发电厂纯凝式汽轮发电机组和供热汽轮发电机组的技术经济指标的统计和评价。燃机机组、余热锅炉以及联合循环机组可参照本标准执行，并增补指标。Running an ExperimentlOpen zTree and Treatment Files on the Experimenter ServerlMake sure languag

50、e is set correctlylSet Matching protocol(if necessary)lOpen zLeaf on every Subject computerlMake sure language and names are set up correctly on zLeaf programslCheck to make sure clients are connectedlRun experiment treatmentslMonitor Subjects table and Clients tablelRun questionnaire;read Payment f