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1、2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题及答案考试采取“一题多卷”模式，试题答案顺序不统一，请依据试题进行核对。Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term m

2、emory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It_(1)in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then_(2)starts to slowly decline as we age. But_(3)aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may n

3、ot be.One study found that muscle loss and the_(4)of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the_(5)that lifestyle factors might help prevent or_(6)this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that_(7)measurements of lean muscle and abdom

4、inal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and_(8)that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people_(9)higher measures of abdominal fat_(10)worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years_(11).For women, the asso

5、ciation may be_(12)to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be_(13)It is hoped that future studies could_(14)these differences and perhaps lead to different_(15)for men and women._(16)there are steps you can_(17)to help reduce abdomi

6、nal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental _(18). The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your_(19)of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style_(20)that is high in fiber and eliminates highly proce

7、ssed foods.1.【题干】1._【选项】A.pausesB.returnC.peaksD.fades【答案】C2.【题干】2._【选项】A.alternativelyB.formallyC.accidentallyD.generally【答案】D3.【题干】3._【选项】A.whileB.sinceC.onceD.until【答案】A4.【题干】4._【选项】A.detectionB.accumulationC.consumptionD.separation【答案】B5.【题干】5._【选项】A.possibilityB.decisionC.goalD.requirement【答案】A

8、6.【题干】6._【选项】A.delayB.ensureC.seekD.utilize【答案】A7.【题干】7._【选项】A.modifyB.supportedC.includedD.predicted【答案】C8.【题干】8._【选项】A.devotedB.comparedC.convertedD.applied【答案】B9.【题干】9._【选项】A.withB.aboveC.byD.against【答案】A10.【题干】10._【选项】A.aboveB.managedC.scoredD.played【答案】C11.【题干】11._【选项】A.ran outB.set offC.drew i

9、nD.went by【答案】D12.【题干】12._【选项】A.superiorB.attributableC.parallelD.resistant【答案】B13.【题干】13._【选项】A.restoredB.isolatedC.involvedD.controlled【答案】C14.【题干】14._【选项】A.alterB.spreadC.removeD.explain【答案】D15.【题干】15._【选项】A.compensationsB.symptomsC.demandsD.treatments【答案】D16.【题干】16._【选项】A.LikewiseB.MeanwhileC.Th

10、ereforeD.Instead【答案】B17.【题干】17._【选项】A.changeB.watchC.countD.take【答案】D18.【题干】18._【选项】A.well-beingB.processC.formationD.coordination【答案】A19.【题干】19._【选项】A.levelB.loveC.knowledgeD.space【答案】A20.【题干】20._【选项】A.designB.routineC.dietD.prescription【答案】CSection II Reading Comprehension Part ADirections: Read t

11、he following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost o

12、f travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This years rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last years, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CP

13、I) measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have

14、to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midland

15、s and the North.However, over the past12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the sub

16、stantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledge

17、d to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britains railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not b

18、e willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the

19、 justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.21.【题干】The author holds that this years increase in rail passengers fares_.【选项】A.will ease train operations burden.B.has kept pace with inflation.C.is a big surprise to commuters.D.remains an unreasonable measure.【答案】D22.【题干】The stockbro

20、ker in 2 is used to stand for_.【选项】A.car driversB.rail travellersC.local investorsD.ordinary taxpayers【答案】B23.【题干】It is indicated in 3 that train operators_.【选项】A.are offering compensations to commuters.B.are trying to repair relations with the unions.C.have failed to provide an adequate service.D.h

21、ave suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.【答案】C24.【题干】If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face_.【选项】A.the loss of investment.B.the collapse of operations.C.a reduction of revenueD.a change of ownership.【答案】D25.【题干】Which of the following would be the best title for the tex

22、t?【选项】A.Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?B.Constant Complaining Doesnt WorkC.Can Nationalization Bring Hope?D.Ever-rising Fares Arent Sustainable【答案】DLast year marked the third year in a row of that Indonesias bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the c

23、ountrys antipoverty program.In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are d

24、esigned to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. Theyre already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs dont generally consider effects on the env

25、ironment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.Thats because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correla

26、ted with greater poverty. However, those correlations dont prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to

27、raise for meat, Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesias poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation

28、rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesias phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7, 468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors,

29、 like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation, Ferraro says.Thats likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weathe

30、r, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybodys guess. Ferraro suggests the importance of

31、growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that whats good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.26.【题干】According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs

32、aim to_.【选项】A.facilitate health care reform.B.help poor families get better off.C.improve local education systems.D.lower deforestation rates.【答案】B27.【题干】The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that_.【选项】A.cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.B.CCT programs

33、have he helped preserve traditional lifestyles.C.antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.D.economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.【答案】D28.【题干】In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out_.【选项】A.its acceptance level of CCTs.B.its annual rate of po

34、verty alleviation.C.the relation of ccts to its forest loss.D.the role of its forests in climate change.【答案】C29.【题干】According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that_.【选项】A.it will benefit other Asian countries.B.it will reduce regional inequality.C.it can protect the envir

35、onment.D.it can boost grain production.【答案】C30.【题干】What is the text centered on?【选项】A.The effects of a program.B.The debates over a program.C.The process of a study.D.The transferability of a study.【答案】AAs a historian whos always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past

36、, Ive become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). Ive found quite a few, and- since I started posting them on Twitter-they have been causing quite stir. People have been surprised to see ev

37、idence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course, I need to concede that my collection of Smiling Victorians makes

38、 up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1

39、850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of

40、holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by todays digi

41、tal standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us

42、 lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular pearly whites rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (

43、and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps, prostitutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrolls gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a b

44、ecoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever.31.【题干】According to Paragraph 1, the authors posts on Twitter. _【选项】A.changed peop

45、les impression of the Victorians.B.highlighted social medias role in Victorian studies.C.re-evaluated the Victorians notion of public image.D.illustrated the development of Victorian photography.【答案】A32.【题干】What does author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected? _【选项】A.They are in popul

46、ar use among historians.B.They are rare among photographs of that age.C.They mirror 19th-century social conventions.D.They show effects of different exposure times.【答案】B33.【题干】What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s? _【选项】A.Their inherent social sensitiveness.B.The

47、ir tension before the camera.C.Their distrust of new inventions.D.Their unhealthy dental condition.【答案】D34.【题干】Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was_.【选项】A.a deep-root belief.B.a misguided attitude.C.a controversial view.D.a thought-provoking idea.【答案】A35.【题干】Which of the following questions does the text answer?_【选项】A.Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?