外国文学 美国文学.ppt
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1、美国文学美国文学(一)浪漫主义文学运动(一)浪漫主义文学运动(以年为界分为前后两个时期)(以年为界分为前后两个时期)(以年为界分为前后两个时期)(以年为界分为前后两个时期)前期前期前期前期 美国民族文学的创立美国民族文学的创立美国民族文学的创立美国民族文学的创立 欧文欧文欧文欧文Irving,Washington(1783-1859)Irving,Washington(1783-1859)库柏库柏库柏库柏Cooper,James Cooper,James FenimoreFenimore(1789-1851)(1789-1851)他他他他们们们们多多多多以以以以美美美美国国国国的的的的历历历历
2、史史史史传传传传说说说说、风风风风土土土土人人人人情情情情、自自自自然然然然风风风风光光光光为为为为题题题题材材材材,以以以以浪浪浪浪漫漫漫漫的的的的笔笔笔笔调调调调,勾勾勾勾画画画画了了了了童童童童年年年年美美美美国国国国的的的的形象,为建立美国的民族文学迈出了重要的一步。形象,为建立美国的民族文学迈出了重要的一步。形象,为建立美国的民族文学迈出了重要的一步。形象,为建立美国的民族文学迈出了重要的一步。欧文欧文(WashingtonWashington IrvingIrving1783-1859)1783-1859)American American writer,writer,the th
3、e first first American American author author to to achieve achieve international international renown,renown,who who created created the the fictional fictional character character Rip Rip Van Van Winkle.Winkle.The The critical critical acceptance acceptance and and enduring enduring popularity pop
4、ularity of of Irvings Irvings tales tales involving involving these these characters characters proved proved the the effectiveness effectiveness of of the the short short story story as as an an American American literary form.literary form.欧文的创作欧文的创作纽约外史纽约外史 A History of New York(1809)见闻札记见闻札记 The
5、 Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon,Gent.(1819-1820)瑞普瑞普瑞普瑞普凡凡凡凡温克尔温克尔温克尔温克尔Rip Van Winkle Rip Van Winkle 睡谷传说睡谷传说睡谷传说睡谷传说The Legend of Sleepy HollowThe Legend of Sleepy Hollow 库柏库柏(James James FenimoreFenimore Cooper Cooper 1789-18511789-1851)American novelist,travel writer,American novelist,travel wri
6、ter,and social critic,regarded as the and social critic,regarded as the first great American writer of first great American writer of fiction.He was famed for his fiction.He was famed for his action-packed plots and his vivid,if action-packed plots and his vivid,if somewhat idealized,portrayal of so
7、mewhat idealized,portrayal of American life in the forest and at American life in the forest and at sea.sea.库柏的创作库柏的创作The SpyThe Spy(1821)(1821)a novel about the American Revolution(1775-1783)in a novel about the American Revolution(1775-1783)in New York State.New York State.The Pioneers,The Pioneer
8、s,the first of the five novels that make up the Leather-the first of the five novels that make up the Leather-Stocking Tales.(Natty Stocking Tales.(Natty BumppoBumppo)The Last of the MohicansThe Last of the Mohicans(1826),(1826),The PrairieThe Prairie(1827),(1827),The PathfinderThe Pathfinder(1840)(
9、1840)The The DeerslayerDeerslayer(1841)(1841)爱伦坡Edgar AllanPoe(1809-1849)American American writer,writer,known known as as a a poet poet and and critic critic but but most most famous famous as as the the first first master master of of the the short-story short-story form,form,especially especially
10、 tales tales of of the the mysterious mysterious and and macabre.macabre.The The literary literary merits merits of of Poes Poes writings writings have have been been debated debated since since his his death,death,but but his his works works have have remained remained popular popular and and many
11、many major major American American and and European European writers writers have have professed professed their their artistic artistic debt debt to him.to him.爱伦坡的理论与创作爱伦坡的理论与创作诗歌富富于于音音乐乐性性,形形式式精精美美。影影响响及及象象征征主主义义及及现代派。现代派。诗诗歌歌原原理理、创创作作原原理理、评评霍霍桑桑 提提倡倡“纯纯艺艺术术”“”“纯纯诗诗歌歌”。强强调调“诗诗的的统统一一性性在在于于感感情情与与情情
12、绪绪”,写写诗诗在在于于表表达达“忧忧郁之情郁之情”。爱伦坡的侦探小说爱伦坡的侦探小说The Fall of the House of Usher(1839)The Murders in the Rue Morgue(1841)小说“把滑稽提高到怪诞,把害怕发展到恐惧,把机智夸大成嘲弄,把奇特变成怪异和神秘”。小说的基调:忧郁、悲观、神秘。忧郁、悲观、神秘。爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)(1803-1882)American essayist and poet,a leader of the philosophical
13、 movement of transcendentalism.Influenced by such schools of thought as English romanticism,Neoplatonism,and Hindu philosophy,Emerson is noted for his skill in presenting his ideas eloquently and in poetic language.超验主义观点的核心是主张人能超越感觉和理超验主义观点的核心是主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理,认为人类世界的一切都是性而直接认识真理,认为人类世界的一切都是宇宙的一个
14、缩影宇宙的一个缩影“世界将其自身缩小成为世界将其自身缩小成为一滴露水一滴露水”(爱默生语)。超验主义者强调万(爱默生语)。超验主义者强调万物本质上的统一,万物皆受物本质上的统一,万物皆受“超灵超灵”制约,而制约,而人类灵魂与人类灵魂与“超灵超灵”一致。这种对人之神圣的一致。这种对人之神圣的肯定使超验主义者蔑视外部的权威与传统,依肯定使超验主义者蔑视外部的权威与传统,依赖自己的直接经验。赖自己的直接经验。“相信你自己相信你自己”这句爱默这句爱默生的名言,成为超验主义者的座右铭。生的名言,成为超验主义者的座右铭。“新英格兰文艺复兴新英格兰文艺复兴”爱默生、梭罗、阿尔考特、霍桑、洛威尔、朗费罗、霍尔
15、默斯、麦尔维尔、惠蒂埃等等。走在波士顿附近,随便丢一块石头,准能碰到一位作家。“新英格兰文艺复兴新英格兰文艺复兴”霍桑的红字、爱默生的历史性代表人物、麦尔维尔的白鲸、梭罗的瓦尔登,惠特曼的草叶集 麦瑟森教授在他的麦瑟森教授在他的美国文艺复兴美国文艺复兴一书中指出:一书中指出:“您尽可翻遍其余一切美国您尽可翻遍其余一切美国文学作品,也找不到任何一组书能在想象力文学作品,也找不到任何一组书能在想象力方面与这些书媲美。方面与这些书媲美。”霍桑霍桑NathanielNathaniel Hawthorne Hawthorne(1804-1864)(1804-1864)American novelist,
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