第二单元语法.ppt

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1、Noun Clause:Functions as a NOUN in a sentence.Question:What is the function of a noun in a sentence?名词在句中可以充当什么成分名词在句中可以充当什么成分?Point out the function of each noun in the following sentences:1.The world loves nature.2.Knowledge is power.3.We Chinese are peace-loving.subjectobjectpredicativesubjectsub

2、jectsubjectappositionpredicativeWhat are noun clauses?What are noun clauses?His story is interesting.What he said is interesting.I heard his story.I heard what he said.I listen to his story.I listen to what he said.This is his story.This is what he said.The idea of going there is good.The idea that

3、we go there is good.Subject clauseObject clauseObject clause after a prepositionPredictive clauseAppositive clause什么叫名词性从句？什么叫名词性从句？在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句性从句 (Noun ClausesNoun Clauses）名词从句的功能相当于名词词组名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、主语、宾语、表语、同位语表语、同位语等等因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，

4、名词从句又可分别称为名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句宾语从句、表语从句和和同位语从句同位语从句 名词性从句名词性从句 noun clause 主语从句主语从句subject clause 宾语从句宾语从句object clause 表语从句表语从句predicative clause 同位语从句同位语从句appositive clause1.主语从句：从句在句中充当主语成分主语从句：从句在句中充当主语成分1).That he will succeed is certain.2)Whether he will go there is not known.3)What h

5、e said is not true.4)Where he hid the money is to be found out.5)Whoever comes is welcome.6)Its certain that he will succeed.7)How we can help the twins will be discussed at the meeting.8)When theyll start the project has not been decided yet.由由 that 引导引导:1.That we shall be late is certain.2._ is kn

6、own to all.(地球是圆的地球是圆的)3._ is a pity.(你错过了这次机会你错过了这次机会)that 无意义无意义,后接一个完整的句后接一个完整的句子子.that 不可省，不作成分不可省，不作成分That the earth is roundThat you missed the chance 考点一考点一:主语从句后置主语从句后置!为了避免主语冗长免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻句子头重脚轻,经常用经常用it作作形式主语形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.例:That we shall be late is certain.-Its certain

7、that we shall be late.1.That the earth is round is known to all.-2.That you missed the chance is a pity.-由连词由连词 whether 和和 if,连接代词连接代词 what,who,which 和连接副词和连接副词 when,where,why,how 等引导等引导.也也 常常后置常常后置:It is a pity that you missed the chance.Its known to all that the earth is round.It doesnt matter if/

8、whether he is a foreigner.It is a question whether he is willing to come.It is unknown how she has reduced her weight in such a short time.It 的用法：的用法：（形式主语）（形式主语）It possible/important/necessary/clear that很可能很可能/重要的是重要的是/必要的是必要的是/很清楚很清楚 Its said/reported that.据说据说/据报道据报道 Its been announced/declared t

9、hat.已经通知已经通知/宣布宣布 It seems/appears/happens/occurs to.that显然、显然、明显、明显、碰巧碰巧.Its no wonder that并不奇怪并不奇怪/无疑无疑 Its a pity/a fact/a common knowledge(众所周知）众所周知）/a common saying.（俗话说）俗话说）注意：主语从句中注意：主语从句中，谓语动词一般用单数，谓语动词一般用单数What引导的主语从句，可根据表语决定引导的主语从句，可根据表语决定What he needs _is_ that book.What he needs _are_ so

10、me books.宾语从句宾语从句：宾语从句：1.从句在句中充当宾语成分（从句在句中充当宾语成分（可以作谓语可以作谓语动词、介词、形容词的宾语）动词、介词、形容词的宾语）连词：连词：that,whether，if （that 常可省略）常可省略）who,what,which,whoever,whatever,when where why how1).They know that the habit will kill them.2).It all depends on whether they will support us.3)I am afraid that he didnt call m

11、e.4).He made it clear to the public that he did an important and necessary job.5).I find it necessary that we should do the homework.1.I cant decide _ dictionary I should buy.2.I am very interested in _ he has improved his pronunciation in such a short time.3.I dont know _ or not he will agree to th

12、e plan.4.He differed from his students in _ he devoted his spare time to reading.5.Ill just say _ comes into my head.whichhowwhetherthatwhatever1).whether和和if都可以引导宾语从句都可以引导宾语从句 a.当当whether后紧跟后紧跟or not时时,不用不用if.eg:I dont know whether or not I will stay.b.介词介词后面的宾语从句不能用后面的宾语从句不能用if.eg:I worry about wh

13、ether I hurt her feeling.c.与与to do 连用连用whetherI dont know whether to go.1).注意注意whether和和if的使用区别的使用区别用用if 或或whether 填空填空1.I dont know _ Ill be free tomorrow.2.I dont know _ or not Ill be free tomorrow.3.It depends on _ we will have enough money.whether/ifwhetherwhetherthat 与与whether(if)的用法区别的用法区别whet

14、her(if）表示）表示“是否是否”,而而 that 却不表示任何含义。却不表示任何含义。两者区别的原则是：两者区别的原则是：that表示一种肯定的、明确的概念，表示一种肯定的、明确的概念，而而whether(if)表示一种不肯定、不明确的概念。表示一种不肯定、不明确的概念。【即学即练即学即练】用用that 和和whether 来填空：来填空：1.)I doubt _ he will keep his word 2.)I dont doubt _ he can do a good job3.)Im sure _ he will be well-known as an artist before

15、 long 4.)Im not sure _ they can pass the college entrance examination next yearwhetherthatthatwhether注意注意1：宾语从句的时态呼应：宾语从句的时态呼应1）.如果主句时态是现在时或将来时如果主句时态是现在时或将来时,从句谓语从句谓语 可根据句意需要而选用任一种时态可根据句意需要而选用任一种时态.a.他相信他的梦想总有一天会实现的他相信他的梦想总有一天会实现的.He believes _.b.请告诉我你昨天这个时候在干什么请告诉我你昨天这个时候在干什么.Please tell me _.his d

16、ream will come true some daywhat you were doing at this time yesterday2）.如果主句谓语是过去时如果主句谓语是过去时,从句谓语动词一般用过去的从句谓语动词一般用过去的 某种时态某种时态,但从句表达的是客观事实、真理、自然规但从句表达的是客观事实、真理、自然规 律等时，从句谓语通常用一般现在时。律等时，从句谓语通常用一般现在时。他告诉我他正在为考试做准备。他告诉我他正在为考试做准备。He told me _.他说他已离开家乡十年了。他说他已离开家乡十年了。He told me _.老师告诉我们光是沿直线运行的。老师告诉我们光是

17、沿直线运行的。The teacher told us _he was preparing for the examinationhe had been away from his hometown for ten yearslight travels in a straight line.注意点注意点2：it作形式宾语作形式宾语如果宾语从句后面还有宾语补足语，则用如果宾语从句后面还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。常见动词有：从句后置。常见动词有：feel,consider,believe,make,think,find等如：等如：We thought i

18、t strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.He has made it clear that he will not give in.【即学即练即学即练】他应当改进他的发音，我们认为这是有必要的。他应当改进他的发音，我们认为这是有必要的。We consider _ necessary _ he should improve his pronunciation.我认为他没通过驾驶考试，真是太遗憾了。我认为他没通过驾驶考试，真是太遗憾了。I think it _.3.宾语从句的否定转移宾语从句的否定转移在在think,believe,suppo

19、se,expect,guess,imagine等词后的宾语从句等词后的宾语从句,有时谓语尽管有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。等动词变为否定形式。I dont believe they have finished their work yet.I dont suppose he cares,_ _?(反意疑问句反意疑问句)4.宾语从句中的虚拟语气宾语从句中的虚拟语气表示建议、命令、要求类的宾语从句表示建议、命令、要求类的宾语从句一坚持一坚持 insist二命令二命令 order,command三建议三建议 advise,s

20、uggest,propose,（recommend）四要求四要求 demand,require,request,（desire）ask都用虚拟语气，常用都用虚拟语气，常用“（should）+动词原形动词原形”,should可以省略。可以省略。Teachers recommend that parents should not allow their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.【即学即练即学即练】He demanded that his son _punished for the fight.A.not be

21、B.be not C.isnt D.wasnt5.由疑问词引导的名词性从句要求使用由疑问词引导的名词性从句要求使用陈述句语陈述句语序序，不能用一般疑问句（倒装）语序。，不能用一般疑问句（倒装）语序。你能告诉我他住在什么地方吗？你能告诉我他住在什么地方吗？Could you tell me where he lives?(T )Could you tell me where does he live?(F )2).that在宾语从句中的省略与保留在宾语从句中的省略与保留a.在在主主+谓谓+it(形式宾语形式宾语)+宾补宾补+that 从句从句(真正宾语真正宾语)的句型中的句型中不省略不省略.eg

22、:We must make it clear that we mean what we say.I dont think it right that you leave home without telling your parents.b.由连词由连词and连接的两个由连接的两个由that引导引导 的宾语从句中的宾语从句中,第二个第二个that 不省略不省略.eg:He told me（that）he would come and that he would come on time.3.表语从句：从句在句中充当表语成分，一般放在连表语从句：从句在句中充当表语成分，一般放在连系动词之后系动词

23、之后.作用：对主语进行解释说明。作用：对主语进行解释说明。连接词：连接词：that/whether/as if/as though（if 不引导不引导 表语从句表语从句)连接代词：连接代词：who/whom/whose/which/what 连接副词：连接副词：when/where/why/how/because The question is whether we can rely on him.Thats because we were in need of money at that time.He looked as if he was going to cry.Thats why I

24、 was late.1.The fact is _ she doesnt like pop music.2.My trouble is _ I dont have enough experience.3.The question is _ he will be present or not.4.What troubled him was _ he could get the money.The predicative clause is also easy!thatthatwhetherwhether/where/howbecause,as if 也可引导表语从句也可引导表语从句:1.He i

25、s absent today.Its _ he is seriously ill.2.It looks _ its going to rain again.True or False:Her suggestion is that we will do it by turns.Her suggestion is that we do it by turns.becauseas if4 同位语从句：从句在句中充当同位语成分，其一般跟同位语从句：从句在句中充当同位语成分，其一般跟在一些抽象名词（在一些抽象名词（idea；belief；fact；truth；problem；news 等）后面，对名词作

26、进一步解释说明等）后面，对名词作进一步解释说明.同位语从句常用同位语从句常用 that 引导或用连接副词引导或用连接副词when/where/why/how/whether 1)The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.2)Word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them.3)Sydney kept his promise that he would always do anything he could for Lucie

27、 to make sure of her happiness.三、同位语从句的引导和辨别三、同位语从句的引导和辨别1.同位语从句的格式：同位语从句的格式：n.+连接词连接词+从句从句2.能接同位语从句的名词有：能接同位语从句的名词有：fact、idea,news,information,order,belief,suggestion,advice等等3.连接词通常是连接词通常是that,也可根据含义选用也可根据含义选用 whether,what,when,where 等来引导同位语从句。等来引导同位语从句。1.I have no idea _ he comes from.2.He cant a

28、nswer the question _ he got the money.3.He gave us many suggestions _ we should get up earlier and take more exercise.4.I have no doubt _ he will win.5.I have some doubt _ he will win.that/whether/where/howwherehowthatthatwhether1.Two thirds of all girls in Britain are on a diet./The fact worries th

29、eir parents and teachers a lot.2.The Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China./We heard the news last night._ The fact that two thirds of all girls are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot._We heard the news last night that the Queen of England was on a three-day visit in Chi

30、na.4.Time travel is possible./There is no scientific proof for the idea.5.Chinese students should be given more free time./The suggestion is welcomed by many people,especially kids in school.3.Teenagers should not spend too much time online./Many British parents hold the view._Many British parents h

31、old the view that teenagers shouldnt spend too much time online._There is no scientific proof for the idea that time travel is possible._The suggestion that Chinese students should be given more free time is welcomed by many people,especially kids in school.名词性从句考点归纳名词性从句考点归纳一、名词性从句的语序：一、名词性从句的语序：陈述

32、语序陈述语序(1)that 和whether/if引导的从句 She sensed something.A tall man in a dark coat was staring at herShe sensed that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark coat.She wondered.Would the buses still be running?She wondered if/whether the buses would still be running.(2)疑问词引导的名词性从句也要求使用陈述句疑问词引导的名词性从句也

33、要求使用陈述句 语序，不能用一般疑问句（倒装）语序。语序，不能用一般疑问句（倒装）语序。他是怎么成功的仍然是个谜。他是怎么成功的仍然是个谜。How was he successful is still a puzzle.()How he was successful is still a puzzle.()你能告诉我他住在什么地方吗？你能告诉我他住在什么地方吗？Could you tell me where he lives?()Could you tell me where does he live?()FTTF注注 意：意：1.在表语从句中，表在表语从句中，表“是否是否”时，只能用时，只能

34、用“whether”不能用不能用“If”。2.一般情况下，一般情况下，“that”不能省。引导多个并列宾语不能省。引导多个并列宾语从句时，引导第一个宾语从句从句时，引导第一个宾语从句“that”可以省可以省3.It is/was because.这是因为这是因为 It is/was why.这就是为什么这就是为什么3.The reason(why/for)is/was that.4 The reason is because/whythat .另另外外，在在名名词词性性从从句句中中，我我们们还还须须特特别别注注意意以下问题：以下问题：填填空空:1.The reason _ we didnt t

35、rust him is _ he has often lied2.The reason _ he gave for his absence is _ he was ill.reason 后后面面的的表表语语从从句句只只能能用用that 引引导导,不不能能用用why 引引导导,但但reason后后面面的的定定语语从从句句可可以以用用why 或者或者that 引导。引导。引导名词从句的关联词。引导名词从句的关联词。分析下列宾语从句中的连词分析下列宾语从句中的连词1.I dont doubt（that）you will succeed.2.I dont know whether/if he will

36、 come tonight.3.I doubt if/whether you will keep your promise.3个句子中的连词个句子中的连词that,whether,if（是否）在名词性从句是否）在名词性从句中只起连接作用，中只起连接作用，在句中不担任成分在句中不担任成分,被称为连接词被称为连接词注意：注意：a.that 本身无意义，在宾语从句中可以省略，但在本身无意义，在宾语从句中可以省略，但在别的三种名词性从句中不可以省略。别的三种名词性从句中不可以省略。B.whether 和和if有有是否的意义，在宾语从句中二者通常可以互换。但是否的意义，在宾语从句中二者通常可以互换。但w

37、hether 可以用于所有的四种名词性从句，而可以用于所有的四种名词性从句，而if 仅可以用仅可以用于宾语从句。于宾语从句。连接词连接词 Choose the correct sentence from each pair:He said(that)he couldnt tell you right away and that you wouldnt understand.He said(that)he couldnt tell you right away and you wouldnt understand.Just then I noticed,for the first time,ou

38、r master was wearing his fine green coat.Just then I noticed,for the first time,that our master was wearing his fine green coat.I must never tell anyone that I could not see the cloth.I must never tell anyone I could not see the cloth.We think it important that we study hard.We think it important we

39、 study hard.Whether he will accept your offer,I dont know.If he will accept your offer,I dont know.I think that he will not appear.I dont think that he will appear.I wish I saw you yesterday.I wish I had seen you yesterday.The doctor suggested that she rests for a few days.The doctor suggested that

40、she rest for a few days.考点二考点二:虚拟语气虚拟语气 subjunctive mood.Its high/about time that I leave.Its high/about time that I left.It is demanded that he(should)leave at once.It is demanded that he left at once.Whether she comes or not doesnt concern me.If she comes or not doesnt concern me.When and where we

41、 will go are still not known.When and where we will go is still not known.1.It now appears _ they are in need of help.A.that B.which C.what D.how2.It is good news _ they will arrive in a few days.A.which B.what C.that D.how3.It _ Joe drives badly.A.thought that B.thinks that C.was thought that D.is

42、thought that4.It _ he is late for class.A.may that B.might that C.may be that D.might be what5.This is _ she was born.A.where B.which C.that D.what6.The question is _ we cant go there today.A.that B.what C.which D.when7.The question is _ it is worth doing.A.if B.whether C.which D.what8.The reason wh

43、y he has made such great progress is _ he has never wasted his time.A.because B.why C.that D.what9.My suggestion is _ we should turn the land into rice fields.A.what B.that C.which D.where10.His proposal is that the dam _ at the foot of the mountain.A.build B.will build C.be built D.will be built11.

44、My advice is that he _ regular hours.A.keep B.would keep C.keeps D.kept12._ knows the truth will tell you about it.A.Who that B.Whoever C.Whom that D.That who13.We all know the truth _ the earth goes round the sun.A.that B.which C.what D.whether14.We heard the news _ our team had won.A.which B.that C.what D.where15.The problem _ it is right or wrong has not yet been decided.A.which B.that C.whether D.if16.You must do well _ the teacher asks you to do.A.which B.what C.that D.whereGood-bye!