GRE英语写作工具箱详述12888.docx

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1、GRE写作作工具箱写作工具箱箱（新东方方孙远）下面的材料料旨在丰富富学生在是是非问题写写作方面的的思想和语语言，考生生在复习时时可以先分分类阅读这这些篇章，然然后尝试写写相关方面面的作文题题。对于文章中中用黑体字字的部分，特特别建议你你熟读，背背诵，因为为它们在语语言和观点点上都值得得吸收。学学习语言的的人应该明明白，表达达能力和思思想深度都都靠日积月月累，潜移移默化。从从某种意义义上说，提提高英语写写作能力无无捷径可走走，你必须须大段背诵诵英语文章章才能逐渐渐形成语感感和用英语语进行表达达的能力。这这一关，没没有任何人人能代替你你过。因此，建议议你下点苦苦功夫，把把背单词的的精神拿出出来背诵

2、文文章。何况况，我并不不是要求你你背了之后后永远牢记记在心：你你可以这个个星期背，下下个星期忘忘。这没有有关系，相相信你的大大脑具有神神奇的能力力。背了工工具箱里的的文章后，你你会惊讶的的发现：II cann thiink iin Ennglissh noow.经常有学生生告诉我：不知道背背诵什么好好。现在我我可以告诉诉各位：背背诵下面的的文章错不不了，至少少对GREE的写作来来说有立竿竿见影的效效果！可别别再找借口口了哦！目 录1. Sectiion oone: Educcatioon1.1 Proveerbs1. A graaduattion cereemonyy is an eevent

3、t wheere tthe ccommeencemment speaaker tellls thhousaands of sstudeents dresssed in iidentticall capps annd goowns thatt inddividdualiity iis thhe keey too succcesss.2. The pprimaary ppurpoose oof a libeeral educcatioon iss to makee onees mmind a plleasaant pplacee in whicch too speend ooness timme.

4、3. Next in iimporrtancce too freeedomm andd jussticee is popuular educcatioon, wwithoout wwhichh neiitherr freeedomm norr jussticee cann be permmanenntly mainntainned.4. The cclasssroomm-noot thhe trrenchh-iss thee froontieer off freeedomm noww andd forreverrmoree.5. Educaationns ppurpoose iis too r

5、epplacee an emptty miind wwith an oopen one.6. It iss thee purrposee of educcatioon too hellp uss beccome autoonomoous, creaativee, innquirring peopple wwho hhave the willl andd inttelliigencce too creeate our own desttiny.7. You ssee, reall onggoingg, liifeloong eeducaationn doeesntt ansswer quesst

6、ionns; iit prrovokkes tthem.8. Peoplle wiill ppay mmore to bbe ennterttaineed thhan eeducaated.9. the mmost impoortannt fuunctiion oof edducattion at aany llevell is to ddevellop tthe ppersoonaliity oof thhe inndiviiduall andd thee siggnifiicancce off hiss liffe too himmselff andd to otheers. Thiss

7、is the basiic arrchittectuure oof a lifee; thhe reest iis orrnameentattion and decooratiion oof thhe sttructture.10. The eessennce oof ouur efffortts too seee thaat evvery chilld haas a channce mmust be tto asssuree eacch ass equual oopporrtuniity, not to bbecomme eqqual, butt to becoome ddiffeerent

8、t-to reallize whatteverr uniique poteentiaal off boddy, mmind, andd spiirit he oor shhe poossessses.11. A greeat tteachher nneverr strrivess to expllain his visiion-hhe siimplyy invvitess youu to stannd beesidee himm andd seee forr youursellf.12. If yoou caan reead aand ddon, youu aree an illiiteraa

9、te bby chhoicee.1.2 Damagging ReseearchhA stuudy bby Naationnal PParennt-Teeacheer Orrganiizatiion rreveaaled thatt in the averrage Amerricann schhool, eigghteeen neegatiives are idenntifiied ffor eeveryy possitivve thhat iis poointeed ouut. TThe WWiscoonsinn stuudy rreveaaled thatt wheen chhildrren

10、 eenterr thee firrst ggradee, 800 perrcentt of themm feeel prrettyy goood thhemseelvess, buut byy thee timme thhey gget tto thhe siixth gradde, oonly 10 pperceent oof thhem hhave goodd sellf-immagess.1.3 Educaationn andd CittizennshippAn immporttant aspeect oof edducattion in tthe UUniteed Sttatessi

11、s tthe rrelattionsship betwween educcatioon annd ciitizeenshiip. TThrouughouut itts hiistorry thhis nnatioon haas emmphassizedd pubblic educcatioon ass a mmeanss of trannsmitttingg demmocraatic valuues, creaatingg equualitty off oppportuunityy, annd prreparring new geneeratiions of ccitizzens to ffu

12、ncttion in ssocieety. In aaddittion, thee schhoolss havve beeen eexpeccted to hhelp shappe soocietty ittselff. Duuringg thee 19550s, for exammple, efffortss to combbat rraciaal seegreggatioon foocuseed onn thee schhoolss. Laater, wheen thhe Sooviett Uniion llauncched the firsst orrbitiing ssatelllit

13、ee, Ammericcan sschoools aand ccolleeges camee undder iintennse ppresssure and weree offferedd manny inncenttivess to imprrove theiir scciencce annd maathemmaticcs prrograams sso thhat tthe nnatioons wwouldd nott falll beehindd thee Sovviet Unioon inn sciientiific and techhnoloogicaal caapabiilitiie

14、s.Educaationn is ofteen viiewedd as a toool ffor ssolviing ssociaal prrobleems, espeeciallly ssociaal innequaalityy. Thhe scchoolls, tt is thouught, cann traansfoorm yyoungg peoople fromm vasstly diffferennt baackgrroundds innto ccompeetentt, uppwarddly mmobille addultss. Yeet thhese goalls seeem aa

15、lmosst immposssiblee to attaain. In rrecennt yeears, in factt, puublicc eduucatiion hhas bbeen at tthe ccenteer off nummerouus coontrooverssies arissing fromm thee gapp bettweenn thee ideeal aand tthe rrealiity. Partt of the probblem is tthat diffferennt grroupss in sociiety havee difffereent hhave

16、diffferennt exxpecttatioons. Somee feeel thhat cchilddren shouuld bbe taaughtt bassic jjob-rrelatted sskillls; sstilll othhers beliieve educcatioon shhouldd nott onlly prreparre chhildrren tto coompette inn soccietyy butt alsso heelp tthem mainntainn theeir ccultuural idenntityy (annd, iin thhe caas

17、e oof Hiispannic cchilddren, theeir llanguuage). Onn thee othher hhand, pollicymmakerrs cooncerrned withh eduucatiion eemphaasizee thee neeed too inccreasse thhe leevel of sstudeent aachieevemeent aand tto immprovve paarentts inn theeir cchilddrens edducattion.Some refoormerrs annd crriticcs haave c

18、calleed atttenttion to tthe nneed to llink formmal sschooolingg witth prrograams ddesiggned to aaddreess ssociaal prrobleems. Sociiologgist Charrles Mosccos, for exammple, is a leeaderr in the moveementt to expaand pprogrrams likee thee Peaace CCorpss, Viista, andd Outtwardd Bouund iinto a syystemm

19、of voluuntarry naationnal sserviice. Natiionall serrvicee, ass Mosscos defiines it, woulld enntaill “thhe fuull-ttime undeertakking of ppubliic duutiess by younng peeoplee wheetherr as citiizen solddierss or civiiliann serrverss-whoo aree paiid suubsisstencce waages” and servve foor att leaast oone

20、yyear. In retuurn ffor tthis periiod oof seervicce, tthe vvolunnteerrs woould receeive assiistannce iin paayingg forr colllegee or otheer edducattionaal exxpensses.Advoccatess of natiionall serrvicee andd schhool-to-wwork proggramss bellievee thaat edducattion doess nott havve too be conffinedd to f

21、ormmal sschooolingg. Inn devvisinng sttrateegiess to provvide oppoortunnitiees foor yooung peopple tto seerve theiir soocietty, tthey emphhasizze thhe edducattionaal vaalue of ccitizzenshhip eexperriencces ggaineed ouutsidde thhe cllassrroom. At thiss wriitingg theere iis liittlee inddicattion thatt

22、 nattionaal seervicce wiill bbecomme a new educcatioonal insttituttion in tthe UUniteed Sttatess, allthouugh tthe cconceept iis stteadiily ggainiing ssuppoort aamongg eduucatoors aand ssociaal crriticcs.1.4 The TTeachherss RolleGivenn thee unddeniaable impoortannce oof cllassrroom expeeriennce, soci

23、iologgistss havve doone aa connsideerablle ammountt of reseearchh on whatt goees onn in the classsrooom. OOftenn theey sttart fromm thee preemisee thaat, aalongg witth thhe innflueence of ppeerss, sttudennts expeeriennces in tthe cclasssroomm aree of centtral impoortannce tto thheir lateer deeveloop

24、mennt. OOne sstudyy exaamineed thhe immpactt of a siinglee firrst-ggradee teaacherr on her studdentss suubseqquentt aduult sstatuus. TThe ssurprrisinng reesultts off thiis sttudy havee impportaant iimpliicatiions. It is eevideent tthat goodd teaacherrs caan maake aa bigg difffereence in cchilddrens

25、liives, a ffact thatt givves iincreeasedd urggencyy to the needd to imprrove the quallity of pprimaary-sschoool teeachiing. The refoorms carrried out by eeducaationnal lleadeers llike Jamees Coomer sugggest thatt wheen goood tteachhing is ccombiined withh higgh leevelss of pareentall invvolveementt

26、thee ressultss cann be evenn morre drramattic.Becauuse tthe rrole of tthe tteachher iis too chaange the learrner in ssome way, thee teaacherr-stuudentt rellatioonshiip iss an impoortannt paart oof edducattion. Soccioloogistts haave ppointted oout tthat thiss rellatioonshiip iss asyymmettricaal orr u

27、nbbalannced, witth thhe teeacheer beeing in aa possitioon off autthoriity aand tthe sstudeent hhavinng liittlee chooice but to ppassiivelyy abssorb the infoormattion provvidedd by the teaccher. In otheer woords, in convventiionall claassroooms therre iss litttle oppoortunnity for the studdentss to b

28、ecoome aactivvely invoolvedd in the learrningg proocesss. Onn thee othher hhand, stuudentts offten deveelop straategiies ffor uunderrcuttting the teacchers auuthorrity: menntallly wiithdrrawinng, iinterrruptting, andd thee likke. HHencee, muuch ccurreent rreseaarch assuumes thatt stuudentts annd tee

29、acheers iinfluuencee eacch otther insttead of aassumming thatt thee inffluennce iis allwayss in a siinglee dirrectiion.1.5 Educaationn PhiilosoophyFor tthe ppast fiftty yeears our schoools havee opeerateed onn thee theeoriees off Johhn Deewey (18559-19953), an Amerricann eduucatoor annd wrriterr. De

30、ewey beliievedd hatt thee schhools joob waas too enhhancee thee natturall devveloppmentt of the growwing chilld, rratheer thhan tto poour iinforrmatiion, for whicch thhe chhild had no cconteext, intoo himm or her. In the Deweey syystemm, thhe chhild becoomes the actiive aagentt in his own educcatioo

31、n, rratheer thhan aa passsivee recceptaacle for factts.Conseequenntly, Ameericaan scchoolls arre veery eenthuusiasstic abouut teeachiing “llife skillls” loggicall thiinkinng, aanalyysis, creeativve prrobleem-ssolviing. The actuual cconteent oof thhe leessonns iss seccondaary tto thhe prrocesss, wwhi

32、chh is suppposedd to traiin thhe chhild to bbe abble tto haandlee whaateveer liife mmay ppreseent, inclludinng alll thhe unnknowwns oof thhe fuuturee. Sttudennts aand tteachhers bothh reggard puree memmorizzatioon ass an uncrreatiive aand ssomewwhat vulggar.In addditiion tto “llife skillls”, schhool

33、ss aree asssigneed too sollve tthe eever growwing stokke off soccial probblemss. Raacismm, teeenagge prregnaancy, alccohollism, druug usse, rrecklless drivving, andd suiicidee aree jusst a few of tthe mmoderrn prrobleems tthat havee apppeareed onn thee schhool currricullum.This all conttribuutes to

34、aa higgh deegreee of sociial aawareenesss in Amerricann youungstters.1.6 Studeent LLifeTo thhe sttudennts, the mostt nottablee difffereence betwween elemmentaary sschoool annd thhe hiigherr levvels is tthat in jjunioor hiigh tthey starrt “cchangging classses”. Thiis meeans thatt ratther thann speend

35、inng thhe daay inn onee claassrooom, theyy swiitch classsroooms tto meeet ttheirr difffereent tteachhers. Thiis giives themm thrree oor foour mminuttes bbetweeen cclassses iin thhe haallwaays, wherre a greaat deeal oof thhe immporttant sociial aactioon off higgh scchooll traaditiionallly ttakess pla

36、ace. Studdentss havve loockerrs inn theese hhallwways, aroound whicch thhy coongreegatee.Socieety iin geeneraal dooes nnot ttake the busiinesss of studdyingg verry seeriouusly. Schhoolcchilddren havee a ggreatt deaal off freee tiime, whicch thhey aare eencouurageed too filll wiith eextraacurrriculla

37、r aactivvitieesspportss, cllubs, cheeerleeadinng, sscouttssuuppossed tto innculccate suchh quaalitiies aas leeaderrshipp, spportssmansship, abiilityy to orgaanizee, ettc. tthosee whoo donnt bbecomme enngageed inn succh acctiviitiess or havee afttersschoool joobs hhave plennty oof oppporttunitty too

38、“haang oout”, lissten to tteenaager musiic, aand wwatchh tellevission.Compaared to ootherr nattionss, Ammericcan sstudeents do nnot hhave muchh hommeworrk. SStudiies aalso showw thaat Ammericcan pparennts hhave loweer exxpecttatioons ffor ttheirr chiildreens succcess in sschoool thhan ootherr nattio

39、naalitiies ddo. (Histtoriccallyy, thhere has not beenn mucch coorrellatioon beetweeen Ammericcan sschoool suuccesss annd suuccesss inn latter llife.) “HHes justt nott a sschollar”, thee Ameericaan paarentts miight say, conntentt thaat thheir son is oon thhe swwim tteam and doessnt takee druugs. (Som

40、me off thee youung ddo chhoosee to studdy haard, for reasson oof thheir own, succh ass dettermiiningg thaat thhe rooad tto riichess liees thhrouggh HaarvarrdBussinesssSchhool.)What Amerricann schhoolss do effeectivvely teacch iss thee commpetiitivee metthod. In innuumeraable wayss chiildreen arre pi

41、ittedd agaainstt eacch ottherwhetther in cclasssroomm disscusssion, speellinng beees, readding grouups, or ttestss. Evvery classsrooom iss exppecteed too prooducee a sscattterinng off Ass andd Fss (teeacheers ooftenn graade AA=exccelleent; B=goood; C=avveragge; DD=pooor; aand FF=faiiled). A teaccher

42、 who givees alll As loooks too softtso studdentss aree awaare tthat theyy aree commpetiing ffor tthe llimitted nnumbeer off topp marrks.Foreiign sstudeents someetimees doont undeerstaand tthat copyying fromm othher ppeoplles papeers oor frrom bbookss is conssiderred wwrongg andd takken sserioouslyy.

43、 Heere, it iis immporttant to sshow thatt youu havve doone yyour own workk andd aree dissplayying yourr ownn knoowleddge. It iis moore iimporrtantt thaan heelpinng yoour ffriennds tto paass, whomm we thinnk doo nott desservee to passs unlless theyy cann proovidee theeir oown aansweers. Grouup efffor

44、tt goees aggainsst thhe coompettitivve grrain, andd Ameericaan sttudennts ddo noot sttudy togeetherr as manyy Asiians do. Manyy Asiians in tthis counntry conssiderr theeir ggroupp stuudy hhabitts a largge coontriibutoor too theeir sschoool suuccesss.1.7 Adultt EduucatiionAfterr commplaiiningg aboout

45、 mmany aspeects of AAmeriican lifee, a 40-yyear-old womaan frrom HHong Kongg conncludded, “Butt wheere eelse coulld soomeonne myy agee go backk to schoool aand gget aa deggree in ssociaal woork? Heree youu cann chaange yourr whoole llife, staart aa neww bussinesss, ddo whhat yyou rreallly waant tto

46、doo.”So att leaast tto thhis ppersoon, sschoool reequirremennts wwerennt iinhibbitinng. AAnd tto miillioons oof ottherss, addult educcatioon iss thee patth too a nnew ccareeer, oor iff nott to a neew caareerr, too a nnew ooutloook. Schoools geneerallly enncourrage the oldeer peersonn whoo wannts tto

47、 sttart aneww, annd beesidees reegulaar cllassees, sscheddule evenning classses in sspeciial pprogrrams. Todday ttheree aree so manyy peoople of rretirremennt agge inn colllegee thaat itt is no llongeer reemarkkablee.1.8 Morall Rellativvism in AAmeriicanImproovingg Ameericaan edducattion requuiress nott doiing nnew tthinggs buut dooing (andd remmembeeringg) soome ggood old thinngs. At tthe ttime of oour nnatioons founndingg, Thhomass Jefffersson llisteed thhe reequirremennts ffor aa souund eeducaationn in the Repoort oof