考研英语写作技巧讲义18619.docx

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1、如何准备考考研英语写写作（田育育英）英语写写作对许多多考生来说说是令人头头痛的难题题。究其原原因，造成成写作困难难的因素很很多，根据据我们对考考生的了解解,可归结为为以下两个个主要方面面。第一，在外外语学习五五项能力听、说、读读、写、译译的训练方方面，学生生从中学到到大学在听听、说、读读三项能力力方面得到到的训练比比较多，而而在写的能能力上得到到的培养最最少，有时最基基本的写句句训练都是是靠做选择择项的形式式来完成的的，很少有有真正动手手写的机会会；因而很很多学生在在做语法题题或改错时时有敏锐的的辨别力，能能够找出很很复杂的语语法错误，可可是一旦自自己真正动动笔写，却却错误多得得不得了，而而且

2、很多都都是最简单单最基本的的语法错误误。所以，平平时写的少少，练的少少，是构成成写作困难难的主要原原因。第二，不少少学生缺乏乏对写作知知识和写作作技巧的了了解和学习习。他们一一写作文，就就感到脑子子空空，不不知如何下下笔，写起起来也是想想到哪儿，写写到哪儿，有有时还东拼拼西凑，因因而写作文文时，常常常是低水平平上的重复复，提高不不快。如果果能了解和和学习一些些英语写作作知识，加加上适当的的指导和训训练，写作作水平会很很快得到提提高。全国硕士生生入学英语语考试大纲纲对短文写写作做了明明确的规定定。考生要要根据所给给题目、素素材、写作作提纲、规规定情景或或图表等在在分钟钟内写出不不少于词的短短文。

3、要求求内容切题题，表达清清楚，意义义连贯，语语言比较规规范。根据大纲的的要求，考考生要想在在短文写作作中取得高高分，首先先要具备两两方面的英英语基本功功：一是较较强的句子子表达水平平，句子要要写正确、表表达准确到到位，要有有一定的英英语修辞知知识。二要要具备英语语语篇写作作知识，这这样才能适适应不同类类型的命题题，主动灵灵活有条理理地运用自自己的语言言知识和能能力写好短短文。此外外，考生还还应对作文文考题有一一定的了解解，知己知知彼才能稳稳操胜券。考题特点：（）作文文选材均为为热门话题题并贴近生生活作文选题范范围均为当当今社会的的热门话题题，从电视视广告到希希望工程，从从父母与子子女的关系系到

4、拥有健健康的重要要性，从世世界烟民现现状到近年年盛行一时时的“承诺”，环境保保护，无不不反映了当当前公众最最为关注的的事。（）文体体多为说明明文与议论论文说明文和议议论文用途途较广，我我们平时接接触的文章章、报纸、信信件等等多多为这两种种体裁。在在工作岗位位上所撰写写的材料大大多也是说说明或议论论文。因而而考这种体体裁的写作作比较符合合实际需要要。（）出题题形式趋于于多样化年年至年的作作文题一直直呈一种模模式，直到到年才被打打破。这一一变革显示示了国家教教委对提高高考生的实实际运用语语言能力的的重视，同同时也要求求考生要在在多写多练练上下功夫夫，这样才才能在作文文考试中夺夺取高分。提高笔头表表

5、达能力是是关键：我们希望广广大考生要要在切实提提高英语写写作水平上上下功夫，不不能靠扣题题、押题或或背诵一些些短文应付付考试，其其结果必然然与希望的的相差甚远远。背诵是是学习英语语的一种好好方法，但但仅靠背诵诵来提高英英语写作水水平是不够够的。写作作水平的提提高还是要要靠亲自动动笔写，多多写多练，把把学到的语语言知识运运用在写作作中去。考考生可以参参考以下方方法进行写写作练习。1多读范范文多读范文能能使考生了了解写作方方法，写作作的常用词词汇，记住住其中一些些比较好的的用法。2多写作作文12月前应应该每周写写一篇作文文并且要把把每一篇写写好，不要要在一个水水平上反复复重复，要要力争写好好每一篇

6、，这这样写几篇篇后就会有有收获。临临近考试，可可以按照规规定时间写写作，此时时写作的题题目要广泛泛，各种话话题都要写写一些，以以增强适应应性。3写作时时可以多查查字典，不不看范文。写作时遇到到不会写的的词句要多多查字典，还还要看该词词的用法，这这样才能保保证正确使使用；写前前不要看范范文，看了了范文会影影响自己的的思路，写写完后再参参看范文。4注意书书写整齐平时写作就就要注意书书写整齐，规规范，要在在平时养成成良好习惯惯，在考场场上才能发发挥得好。字字迹潦草，卷卷面不干净净会影响成成绩。考研短文写写作的基本本模式(朱泰祺)（一）议论论文(1)It iss gennerallly bbeliee

7、ved thatt . . is a hoot toopic whicch iss widdely talkked aaboutt botth att homme annd abbroadd .Noow ouur goovernnmentt atttachees grreat impoortannce tto soolvinng thhis pprobllem. Sccienttistss in thiss fieeld hhave put forwward a nuumberr of sugggestiions tendding to rrelieeve iit.Too beggin wwi

8、th,we sshoulld . . Fuurtheermorre, . . IIt iss cleear tthat . . Peoplle, hhowevver, difffer iin thheir opinnionss on thiss mattter. Somme peeoplee thiink tthat . . Accoordinng too theem,alll off us shouuld . . OOtherrs arrgue thatt . . In theiir oppinioon,noobodyy cann . . witthoutt . . Theere iis n

9、oo douubt tthat . . As aa connsequuencee . . In shhort,I fiirmlyy suppportt thee vieew thhat. . Itt is becaause. . SSo myy connclussion is tthat . . (1077 worrds) (2)Theree is no ddenyiing tthe ffact thatt is popuular topiic whhich is mmuch talkked aaboutt nott onlly byy, buut allso bby It is ggener

10、rallyy thooughtt thaat Thee reaasonss forr aree as folllows. To begiin wiith, Seccondlly ,Therreforre, wwe shhouldd atttach greaat siignifficannce tto soolvinng thhe prrobleem.Theree aree , II thiink ,at lleastt twoo posssiblle waays tto coope wwith it .The firsst waay too tacckle it iis too apppeal

11、 to tthe aauthooritiies tto taake ddrasttic mmeasuures to (do) Thee othher ppoliccy thhat iis woorth adopptingg is to wwork out new reguulatiions to (do) Onlyy in thiss wayy cann we succceed in ddealiing wwith the probblem in tthe nnear futuure.To cooncluude ,it sseemss obvviouss So the prosspectt w

12、e are lookking forwward to wwill be bboth brigght aand eencouuragiing.(127 wordds)（二）图表表作文As iss shoown iin thhe taable (or in tthe ppictuures) , drooppedd froomin 11996 .Acccordiing tto thhe fiigurees giiven in tthe ttablee, hass greeatlyy inccreassed ( or decrreaseed ) in tthe ppast yeaars ( or de

13、caades ), rreachhing in 19966.Froom thhe taable we ccan aalso see thatt theere hhas bbeen a shharp declline ( orr risse ) in It is cclearr thaatTheree aree at leasst twwo goood rreasoons ffor On tthe oone hhand, Letts haave aan exxamplle too illlustrrate the greaat inncreaase iin On the otheer haand

14、, is due to tthe ffact thatt In addiitionn, is respponsiible for Mayybe ttheree aree somme otther reassons to sshow Butt it is ggenerrallyy bellieveed thhat tthe aabovee menntionned rreasoons aare ccommoonly acceeptabble.As faar ass I aam cooncerrned, I bbelieeve tthat I aam suure mmy oppinioon iss

15、botth soound and welll-grooundeed.(1126 wwordss几种典型的的作文开头头引述方法法Type11引述他人人观点（为为提出自己己观点铺垫垫）1 IIt iss widdely(commmonlyy) accceptted(hhold)+THAAT2 AA widdely acceeptedd (coommonnly) holdd ideea(pooint of vview, vieewpoiint, opinnion, asssumpttion)is +THATT/NP 3 AA/Thee domminannt (pprevaalentt, prreva

16、iilingg) iddea (see 2) is NP/tto DOO4 IIt iss takken ffor ggrantted TTHAT(or: WWe offten/freqquenttly ttake it ffor ggrantted TTHAT)5 PPeoplle (TThe mmajorrity) seeem too gett acccustoomed to tthe iidea(see 2),witthoutt queestiooningg, THHAT6 PPeoplle arre wiillinng too reggard NP1 as NNP2/AADJ 7 PP

17、eoplle arre wiillinng too DO, whiile rrelucctantt to DOType22提出异议议1 HHowevver (But),2 SSuch ideaa(seee1-22),iif noot enntireely AADJ1,is ssomewwhat ADJ22 andd neeeds ccarefful cconsiideraationn. ADJI=unreeasonnablee, unnacceeptabble, inappproppriatte, iimprooper, unddesirrablee,Etc;ADJ2=mislleadiing

18、, doubbtrull, ettc3 IIn faact(AAs a mattter oof faact),(folllow2)4 HHowevver, it iis noot (qquitee, neecesssarilly)thhe caase.5 TThis (It) is not (quiite, neceessarrily) thee casse annd neeeds to bbe fuurtheer coonsidderedd/disscusssed.(or: furtther conssiderratioon/diiscusssionn)Type33论述的展展开：说明明原因和

19、理理由，层进进，举例，转转折1 TThe rreasoon liies iinsevverall asppectss,2 TThe rreasoon whhy cllausee+1, undderliined 3 TTheree aree sevverall remmarkaable reassons.4层进进in aaddittion, bessidess, fuurtheermorre, wwhats moore, on tthe ootherr hannd, mmeanwwhilee, foor onne thhingfor anotther; Finnallyy, abbove all

20、, in shorrt.5举例例for exammple, forr insstancce, ssuch (gennerall terrm) aas (sspeciific termms),aa typpicall (sttrikiing) exammple is tthat, a ccase in ppointt6转折折howeever, butt, neeverttheleess,oon thhe coontraary7条件件if , proovideed thhat, unleess, as llong as,eetcType44就而言；关关于1 aas faar assis/aare

21、cconceerned: Ass farr as currrent situuatioon iss conncernned2 aas too: thhe prrobleem ass to NP有关的问题Type55问题1 AAlthoough muchh efffort has beenn madde, tthe ssituaationn is far fromm sattisfaactorry (oor: tthe pprobllem rremaiins uunsollved, litttle imprrovemment has beenn achhieveed)2 TTheree is a

22、 tenndenccy, aas reecentt stuudy (inveestiggatioon) hhas ppointted oout (showwn, rreveaaled, inddicatted),+THAAT3 TTheree is growwing conccern abouut +NNP4 IIt wiill iineviitablly (iis liikelyy to) ressult in (leadd to) unwwanteed (sserioous) conssequeence (or NP)5 UUnforrtunaatelyy,6 WWe wiill nnot

23、 bbe abble tto afffordd thee rissk off oveerloookingg thee serrioussnesss of the mattter.7 TThe pproceess, oncee iniitiatted, is mmost likeely iirrevversiible.8 WWe arre coonstaantlyy (frrequeentlyy) faaced withh NPTYPE66重要与必必要；（应应）注意与与重视1 NNP1 iis off greeat iimporrtancce (nnecesssityy, vaalue) in

24、NP2 (or: NP is oof ennormoous ssigniificaance)2 TThe iimporrtancce (nnecesssityy) off NP (to do ssth.) liees inn (thhe faact) thatt3 NNP1 pplayss, ass is knowwn, aan irrrepllaceaably impoortannt roole iin NPP24 TThe iirrepplaceeablyy impportaant rrole NP1 playys inn NP22 is signnificcant (obvvous)5

25、NNP1 iis ann inddispeensabble ppart of NNP26 IIt iss impportaant (neceessarry) tto DOO (orr:THAAT)7 SSpeciial aattenntionn shoould be ppay tto(or: We shouuld ppay sspeciial aattenntionn to)8 WWhat we sshoulld taake iinto conssiderratioon iss +NPPType77行动1(iimmeddiatee, emmergeent, effeectivve) MMeas

26、uures are beinng taaken (hass beeen takenn, shhouldd be takeen) tto DOO3 WWe haave mmade muchh efffort, theere iis sttill moree we needd to makee (cff. Wee havve leearntt a llot, therre iss mucch moore wwe neeed tto leearn.)Type88二择其一一1 IIf itt werre leeft ffor mme too deccide whetther (wh-clauuse),

27、I woould, witthoutt hessitattion, chooose+to DDO (oor: II wouuld pprefeer thhe foormerr/thee lattter)2 TTo DOO/NP is aa mattter of ppreseent.3 IIt iss diffficuult tto maake aa chooice for one can harddly ggain mostt witthoutt lossing any.4 TThe ddiffiicultty liies iin thhe faact tthat the advaantagg

28、es aand ddisaddvanttagess of bothh casses aare eequallly oobvioous.5 IIn faact, we mmay wwell presservee a ddeliccate balaance or ccomprromisse beetweeen thhe twwo thhan ggo too exttremee.6 IIt iss nott sennsiblle too exccludee onee of the choiices comppleteely7 (of ttwo cconfllictiing iideass, coon

29、ceppts) Thouugh cconfllictiing tto onne annotheer, tthey are so ccloseely aassocciateed thhat uunderrstanndingg onee willl bee imppossiible withhout disccussiing tthe ootherr.8 TThe bbeneffits of NNP arre vaariedd9Whhile disaadvanntagees arre unnavoiidablle, iit iss thee advvantaages thatt preevaill

30、.朱泰祺的考考研短文写写作常用句句型和练习习“引言”段段落中的常常用句型：1iss a vvery popuular topiic whhich is mmuch talkked aaboutt nott onlly byybut alsoo by家庭人口多多好还是家家庭人口少少好是一个个非常通俗俗的主题，不不仅是城里里人，而且且农民都经经常谈论这这个问题。Weathher aa larrge ffamilly iss a ggood thinng orr nott is a veery ppopullar ttopicc thaat iss oftten ttalkeed abbout no

31、t onlyy by cityy ressidennts bbut bby faarmerrsas welll.2.Theere iis noo dennyingg thee facct thhat无可否认，空空气污染是是一个极其其严重的问问题：城市市当局应该该采取有力力措施来解解决它。Theree is no ddenyiing tthe ffact thatt airr polllutiion iis ann exttremeely sserioous pprobllem: the cityy autthoriitiess shoould takee strrong meassuress

32、to deall witth itt.3.As is kknownn to all,众所周知，假假冒伪劣商商品损害了了消费者的的利益。As iss knoown tto alll, ffake and infeeriorr commmodiitiess harrm thhe inntereests of cconsuumerss.(=ddo a lot of hharm to tthe iinterrestss of conssumerrs)4.Morre annd moore ppeoplle arre reealizzing the impoortannce oof现在越来越越多的人认认识

33、到法制制教育的重重要性。为为了维护社社会治安，我我们每人都都应该接受受法制教育育。Todayy an incrreasiing nnumbeer off peoople havee reaalizeed thhat llaw eeducaationn is of ggreatt impportaance .In ordeer too keeep laaw annd orrder, verry onne off us is ssuppoosed to gget (=receeive) a llaw eeducaationn.5.Froom whhat II havve meentiooned a

34、bovve wee cann seee cleearlyy thaat从上面我所所提到的，我我们可以清清楚地看到到，电视暴暴力对青少少年的影响响是极其深深远的。From whatt I hhave menttioneedaboove, we ccan ssee cclearrly tthat viollencee on TV hhas (a) ggreatt inffluennce oon yooung adullts behhavioour.(或 teeenageers behhavioor或 youungstters behhavioor)“正文”段段落中常用用的句型：1Theere aa

35、re ssome goodd reaasonss forr(分析原因)two ppossiible人民生活状状况的改善善原因有两两点。首先先，我们一一直在贯彻彻执行改革革开放政策策。其次，国国民经济正正在迅速发发展，而且且出生率已已经得到控控制。Theree aree twoo reaasonss forr thee impproveementt in peopples liivingg connditiions. In the firsst pllace, we havee beeen caarryiing oout tthe rreforrm annd oppeninng-upp poll

36、icy.Secoondlyy,theere hhas bbeen a raapid expaansioon off ourr nattionaal ecconommy. FFurthher mmore, thee birrth rrate has beenn putt undder ccontrrol.2.My sugggestiions to ddeal withh thee prooblemm aree as folllows. In the firsst pllace, Seccondlly,Finaally sollvetackllerelieeve（提出建议议）我对解决这这个问题的的

37、建议如下下。首先，迫迫在眉睫的的是建立自自然保护区区。其次，有有些濒临灭灭绝的珍稀稀野生动物物应该收捕捕、人工喂喂养并繁殖殖。最后，对对于捕猎珍珍稀野生动动物的人必必须严惩。My suuggesstionns too deaal wiith tthe pprobllem aare aas foollowws .TTo beegin withh, itt is urgeent tto crreatee natture reseervess. Seeconddly, certtain raree willd annimalls thhat aare ggoingg to be eextinnct

38、sshoulld bee colllectted, fed and reprroducced aartifficiaally. Finnallyy, thhose who huntter tthem mustt be puniishedd sevverelly.3.Difffereent ppeoplle haave ddiffeerentt opiinionns onn thiis quuestiion. Somee peoople beliieve thatt Othhers Probllem.Matteer.arguee thaat Stiill ootherrs asssertt th

39、aat（论述不不同看法）人们对失败败持有不同同的态度。面面对失败，有有人能够经经得起考验验，从失败败中汲取教教训，并努努力去完成成他们下定定决心要做做的事情。然然而，另一一些人却丧丧失信心并并退却了。Peoplle diifferr in theiir atttituudes towaards faillure. Facced wwith it, somee of themm cann staand uup too it. Draaw ussefull lesssonss froom itt andd tryy harrd too fullfilll whaat thhey aare ddet

40、errmineed too do.Otheers, howeever, losseheaart aand ggive in.4.It is iimporrtantt (neecesssary, urggent, diffficuult, easyy, exxpenssive, dessirabble, adviisablle, cconveeniennt, ccomfoortabble) for sb. to ddo stth.（发发表意见）人们希望建建立更多的的医院、购购物中心、娱娱乐中心、电电影院和其其他公用设设施来满足足人民日益益增长的需需求。It iss dessirabble tto

41、 buuild moree hosspitaals, shopppinggcenteers,recrreatiion ccenteers,cineemas and otheer puublicc faccilitties to mmeet the growwing needds off peoople.5.As a poopulaar saayingg goees“Everrythiing hhas ttwo ssidess.”(分析利弊)常言道：“事物总是是一分为二二的”。如今人人们从科技技发明中得得到越来越越多的好处处。另一方方面，科技技进步也给给我们带来来了许多麻麻烦。现在在许多国家家的

42、人民饱饱尝公害之之苦。As a popuular sayiing ggoes,“Everrythiing hhas ttwo ssidess.” Noww peoople (thee pubblic)are beneefitiing mmore and moree froom sccienttificc andd tecchnollogiccal iinvenntionns. OOn thhe otther handd, thhe prrogreess oof scciencce annd teechnoologyy is brinngingg us a loot off trooublee.

43、 Peeoplee in manyy couuntriies aare ssuffeeringg froom puublicc hazzardss.6.Forr exaamplee,（举例阐阐述）For iinstaance,Letss takkefor exammple.就拿汽车为为例。汽车车不仅污染染城市空气气，而且使使城市拥挤挤不堪。此此外，汽车车造成许多多交通事故故。汽车所所产生的噪噪音使居住住在街道两两旁的居民民日夜不得得安宁。Lesss takke caars ffor eexampple. Theyy not onlyy polllutee thee airr in citiie

44、s, but makee theem crrowedd. Fuurtheermorre, tthey causse a lot of ttrafffic aacciddentss. (, thhey aare rrespoonsibble ffor aa lott of trafffic acciidentts.) The noisse maade bby caars ddistuurbs the resiidentts liivingg on bothh siddes oof sttreetts alll daay annd niight.7.It is ggenerrallyy belli

45、eveed thhatacceppted（引引证观点）thougghtheld普遍认为，在在发达国家家人口增长长的主要原原因与其说说是出生率率的上升，还还不如说是是由于医疗疗保健的改改善的使死死亡率下降降了。It iss gennerallly bbelieeved (=thhoughht) tthat the chieef reeasonn forr thee inccreasse inn poppulattion in ddevellopedd couuntriies iis noot soo mucch thhe riise iin biirth ratees ass thee decc

46、linee in deatth raates as aa ressult of tthe iimproovemeent iin meedicaal caare.8.Caausess (prroducces, brinngs aaboutt, leeads to, resuults in)（因果关关系）毫无疑问，需需求的增长长导致了价价格的上涨涨。Theree is no ddoubtt thaat thhe inncreaase iin deemandd cauuses (ressultss in/leadds关于考研英英语的“阅读理解”（郭庆林林）对于研究生生入学考试试“阅读理解”部分，广广大考生都都很关心，其其原因有三三：一是该该部分分值值高，在很很大程度上上决定着整整个考试的的成败；二二是多数学学生感到这这一部分是是自己的难难点，认为为文章读起起来晦涩难难懂，做题题没有把握握；三是时时间不够，读读文、做题题只好匆忙忙以对。在我看来，考考生做不好好“阅读理解”部分，主主要有四方方面的问题题：一、抓不住住文章的主主要信息十几年来，考考研