Lecture10《英语词汇学》学习课件ppt.ppt

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1、Lecture 10Changes in Word meaning讲授题目：讲授题目：Changes in Word Meaning所属章节：现代英语词汇学概论之第所属章节：现代英语词汇学概论之第10章章计划学时：计划学时：2 periods教学方法：传统讲授法教学方法：传统讲授法参考资料：英语词汇学教程、英语词汇学参考资料：英语词汇学教程、英语词汇学 所属章节：所属章节：教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生应对词教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生应对词 义变化的种类、词义演变的原因义变化的种类、词义演变的原因 和过程有较好的了解和认识。和过程有较好的了解和认识。1为深入学习习近平新时代

2、中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Lecture 10 Changes in Word meaning教学重点：1)Types of changes;2)Causes of changes.教学难点：Six major types of changes:1)Extension;2)Narrowing;3)Elevation;4)Degradation;5)Transfer;5)Euphemism.2为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 10 Type

3、of changes Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content.Comparatively,the content is even more unstable than the form.Of course,some meanings remain much the same for a long time because the referents to which they direct do not

4、change.3为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Lecture 10 Type of changes Changing in word meaning has never ceased since the language came into being and will continue in the future.Yet no one has been able to systemize the ways in which changes occur.However,there are a few patter

5、ns that changes follow.This lecture will discuss in some detail the major patterns and the causes of changes.4为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Types of ChangeExtension of MeaningNarrowing of MeaningElevation of MeaningDegradation of MeaningTransference of MeaningEuphemism5为深入学

6、习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Extension of Meaning 词义的扩大词义的扩大lGeneralization/Widening of MeaninglIt is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized or has extended to cover a broader and often less definite concept.l一一个个原原本本具具有

7、有特特殊殊(具具体体)意意义义的的单单词词的的词词义义被被延延伸伸，范范围围扩大，从而指代一种普遍意义语义变化过程。扩大，从而指代一种普遍意义语义变化过程。6为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Manuscriptl(original)Handwriting(writing by hand only)(手手稿稿)l(present)Any authors writing whether written by hand or typed with a type-writer or a word-processor(原稿原

8、稿)Salaryl(original)a sum of money given to Roman soldiers to enable them to buy salt(政政府府按按时时发发给给古古罗马军人一些买盐的钱罗马军人一些买盐的钱)l(present)fixed payment made by employer at regular intervals to employees(薪水薪水)7为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Lecture 10 Type of changesmill (original)pl

9、ace for grinding；(present)place where things are ground/made.journal (original)daily paper;(present)periodicalbonfire (original)fire on bones (present)a fire in the open by burning anythingbutcher(original)one who kills goats (present)one who kills animals8为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分

10、发挥中小学图书室育人功能1)She is such a pretty little thing.2)I have to pack my things for the journey.3)There is another thing I want to ask you about.4)That only makes things worse.5)The thing is,can we finish the job in time?“Thing”which used to mean“a public assembly”or“a council”in Anglo-Saxon times,now ha

11、s become an all-purpose word.1.A large proportion of polysemic words of modern English have their meanings extended sometime in the course of development.Some words are generalized to such a degree that they can mean almost everything.9为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能2.General

12、ization of meaning is also found in many technical terms,which are confined to specialized use.allergic(original)too sensitive to medicine 患过敏症的患过敏症的(present)averse or disinclined to 反感的；厌恶的反感的；厌恶的alibi(original)a legal term signifying“the plea that the accused is not at the place when the crime is

13、committed”(被被告告人人不不在在犯犯罪罪现场的证明现场的证明)(present)excuse(借口借口)10为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能3.The changes in meaning are gradual,and words are not changed in a day.Lady (the hostess-noblewoman-well-cultivated woman-woman)11为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能

14、 Narrowing/specialization 词义的缩小lIt is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrow or specialized sense.In other words,a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special concept in present-day English.l把把词词义义范范围围较较广广的的词词缩缩小小，表表示示

15、特特指指，即即过过去去具具有有普普遍遍意义的词变化后，现在仅仅表达特殊意义。意义的词变化后，现在仅仅表达特殊意义。12为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能ExampleOriginal MeaningMeaning after Narrowingmeatfood 食物flesh of animals 肉diseasediscomfort 不适illness 疾病wifewoman 妇女married woman 妻子accidentevent 事件unfortunate event 事故13为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色

16、社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Lecture 10 Type of changesl pill(各种药片）各种药片）避孕药片避孕药片（contraceptive pills)lundertaker(承担者、承办人）承担者、承办人）承办丧葬的人、殡仪员承办丧葬的人、殡仪员lroom(空间、地方）空间、地方）(有限空间有限空间)房间房间lprobe（调查、检验）（调查、检验）宇宙探测器宇宙探测器lside(旁边、侧面）旁边、侧面）（人体）肋部（人体）肋部lmemory（记忆）（记忆）(计算机）存储器计算机）存储器lrecovery(恢复）恢复）（

17、航天器的）回收（航天器的）回收lgarage(任何储存东西的地方）任何储存东西的地方）存放汽车的地方存放汽车的地方车库车库14为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Narrowing/specialization 词义的缩小1.When a common word is turned into a proper noun,the meaning is narrowed accordingly.“the City”means“the business center of London”“the Prophet”stands

18、 for“Mohammed”15为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Narrowing/specialization 词义的缩小2.For economy,some phrases are shortened and only one element of the original,usually an adjective,is left to retain the meaning of the whole.Such adjectives have thus taken on specialized meanings.

19、a general=a general officeran editorial=an editorial article16为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能3.Some material nouns are used to refer to objects made of them and thus have a more specific sense.silver silver dollarglass a cup-like container or a mirroriron device for smoothing

20、 clothes17为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Type of changeslBoth extension and narrowing of meaning are talking about the changes in conceptual meaning.Next we will talk about the changes in associative meaning.18为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Elevation

21、 of Meaning 词义的升华词义的升华It is the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.Some words early in their history signify something quite low or humble,but change as time goes by to designate something agreeable or pleasant.词义的升华指词由贬义或中性转变为褒义。即，有些词在历史上表示“卑微、下贱”之义，随着时间的推

22、移转为“惬意的，愉快的”。19为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Lecture 10 Type of changesWord Old Meaning Elevated Meaninglangel messenger messenger of God lknight servant rank below baronet lgovernor pilot head of a statelminister servant head of a ministrylsuccess result achievement/accomp

23、lishmentlmarshal keeper of horses high-ranking army officerlnice ignorant foolish pleasant/delightful20为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Degradation/Pejoration 词义的降格词义的降格lIt is a process whereby words of good origin or affective meaning fall into ill reputation or come to be us

24、ed in a derogatory sense.l这这是是一一个个词词由由原原先先表表示示中中性性意意义义或或褒褒义义转转为为表表示示贬贬义义的的过程过程。lsillylblessed and happy-innocent-simple or simple-minded-foolishlsadlfull,satisfied,contented-calm-serious-sorrowful21为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Lecture 10 Type of changeslwench country girl

25、prostitutelboor peasant rude,ill-mannered person lknave boy dishonest personlcriticize appraise find fault withllust pleasure sexual desire22为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Examples of pejorationWord Old meaningcrafty 诡计多端的strong cunning knowing 心照不宣的心照不宣的 notorious famous ob

26、sequious谄媚的,奉承的flexible vulgar 下流的下流的popular 23为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Transference of Meaning 词义的转移词义的转移词义的转移词义的转移lDefinitionlSome words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer,

27、known as transference or transfer of meaning.l有些词原指称某些事物，后来发生变化，转为指称另外的事物，就是词义的转移。lTypes of transference Associated Transfer 联想转移 Transfer Between Abstract and Concrete Meanings 抽象含义与具体意义间的转移 Transfer Between Subjective and Objective Meanings 主观意义和客观意义间的转移 24为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,

28、充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Associated Transfer 联想转移联想转移lThis is what is commonly known as figurative extension of meaning.le.g.lThe lip of a wound 伤口的边缘伤口的边缘lThe tongues of firelThe foot of a mountain25为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Transfer between Abstract and Concrete Meanings 抽象含义与具体

29、意义间的转移抽象含义与具体意义间的转移lAbstract to concrete meaninglRoom formerly meant“space”as in“There is no room in the car”.Now it has developed a concrete meaning as in“This flat has three rooms”.lConcrete to abstract meaninglGraspl(original)A firm hold with the hands and arms l(present)The power or ability to u

30、nderstand26为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Transfer Between Subjective and Objective Meanings 主观意义和客观意义间的转移主观意义和客观意义间的转移lSome words were formerly used subjectively but later shifted to an objective use,and the subjective meaning was totally lost.WordSubjective meaningObjectiv

31、e meaningpitifulfull of pitydeserving pitydreadfulfull of dreadcausing dread27为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Euphemism 委婉语委婉语lWhen people use euphemisms there is a semantic change involved as the expressions used often have little to do with the referents.lRestroom,bathroom,

32、lounge,John,convenience,comforts room and powder room are all euphemistic terms for“toilet”which itself is a euphemistic term.lEuphemistic terms are found used in every aspect of society.l Death in English is full of such expressions like:To join the majority;to go to heaven;to come an un timely end

33、;to be food for worms;to kick the bucket,etc.28为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 2.Causes of ChangeuExtra-linguistic factors 非语言因素非语言因素uHistorical reasonuClass reasonuPsychological reasonlLinguistic factors 语言因素语言因素29为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Histo

34、rical reasonlA word is retained for a name though the meaning has changed because the referent has changed.(e.g.pen)lIncreased scientific knowledge and discovery is also an important factor that underlies the change of word meaning.(e.g.atom)lForeign influences:a particularly important cause of chan

35、ge of meaning in words has been the influence of foreign wordslThe native word stool originally meant any kind of seat for one person,and could be used for a kings seat,it got its present humble(粗陋粗陋)meaning because the French word chair was adopted to denote a more comfortable piece of furniture 30

36、为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Class reasonlLanguage records the speech and attitude of different social classes,so different social varieties of language have come into being.lThe attitude of classes have made inroads into lexical meaning,particularly in the case of elevati

37、on and degradation.31为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能lQuite a number of words that denote different sorts of working people or their occupations have deteriorated and now have taken on a pejorative sense.lE.g.Churl,hussy,wench,villain which were originally neutral in colour ha

38、ve been down-graded as“ill-manned or bad people”.32为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Psychological reasonlThe associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words,etc.are often due to psychological factors.lPeople change word meaning owing to various psychological motive

39、s:love,respect,courtesy,suspicious,pessimism,sarcasm,irony,contempt,hatred,etc.33为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Psychological reasonlThe fact that some low,humble and despised occupations often take on more appealing names is all due to psychological reasons.lReligious influ

40、ence is another kind of psychological need.34为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Linguistic factorslThe internal factors within the language system.1.One type of such change occurs when a phrase is shortened to one word which retains the meaning of the whole.2.The influx（涌入）（涌入）of borrowings has caused some words to change in meaning.3.The competition of native words eventually yields the semantic division.4.The change of meaning is brought about by analogy.35为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Thank you36