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1、Oils and Health4.“Safeguard”of Healthn-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids4.1 Fish oil products（different forms of EPA and DHA）DHAamount:50%70%Absorption rate of nearly 100%Ethyl esters(EE)Triacyglycerides(TG)phosphatidylcholine DHA(PC-DHA)DHAamount:14%30%4.“Safeguard”of Healthn-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Ac

2、idsTriacyglyceridesDHAEthyl esters DHAPhosphatidylcholine DHAAbsorptivity of DHA4.“Safeguard”of Healthn-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids4.2 Uniqueness of seal oil Rich in docosapentaenoic acidDPAContainsthenaturalantioxidantsqualeneContains the monounsaturated fattyacid palmitoleic,which can preventall

3、ergic effectSqualeneDPAPalmitoleic4.“Safeguard”of Healthn-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Flaxseed oil Hemp seed Purslane4.3 Foods that are rich in-linolenic acid4.“Safeguard”of Healthn-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty AcidsThe proportion of n-3/n-6 fatty acids in the body graduallyreducing from 1:1 to 1:20-1:

4、50The Chinese Nutrition Association recommends a ratio of 1:(4-6)WHO recommends a ratio of 1:(5-10)n-3 fatty acids tend to be loss in the processed foods4.4 The importance of the proportion of n-3/n-6 fatty acids4.“Safeguard”of Healthn-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids4.5 Metabolic pathways of n-3,n-6 f

5、atty acidsThe two kinds of fatty acids are competing with each other during invivo metabolism since they need to be metabolized by the sametransformation enzyme but producing different metabolites.DesaturaseCarbon chain extension enzymeDesaturaseCarbon chain extension enzymeDesaturaseLinoleic acid-l

6、inolenic acidOctadecarboxylenic acidEicosaenoic acidEicosapentaenoic acid(EPA)Docosapentaenoic acid(DPA)Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)-linolenic acidDihomologous-linolenic acidArachidonic acidDocosahrotetraenoic acidDocosapentaenoic acid(DPA)4.“Safeguard”of Healthn-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids4.6 Metabo

7、lites of arachidonic acidArachidonicacid can be usedtosynthesizeprostaglandin,thrombinandleukotrieneunder the actionof epoxidaseArachidonic acidCell membrane phospholipidsPhospholipaseProstaglandins G2Leukotriene A4Thrombolytic activatorPlatelet-activating factor(PAF)Plate aggregationEosinophil chem

8、otaxisNeutrophil activationLeukotrieneisachemical agent forcertainallergicreactions,inflammation andcardiovasculardiseasesLeukotriene B4Leukotriene C4,D4,E4ThromboxaneProstaglandinsVasoconstrictionPlate aggregationIncreased vascular permeabilityVasodilatorsNeutrophil chemotaxisThrombinhasthefunction

9、ofconstrictingbloodvesselsand can promoteplateletaggregationNeutrophil chemotaxisGenerate slow-reacting substanceSmoothing Tracheal and contracting muscleProstaglandinshaveantithromboticeffectandcanpreventcardiovasculardisease4.“Safeguard”of Healthn-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Outside pollutants I

10、nternal bodyIntaketoomucharachidonic acid increasesthe risk of free radicalsproduced,and damage ofvascular endothelial cells,therebyincreasingtheinflammatoryresponseandtheincidenceofcardiovascular disease.4.7 The source of free radicals in human body4.“Safeguard”of Healthn-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Ac

11、idsn-3 fatty acids are important substances to inhibit inflammationThe n-3 fatty acid-linoleic acid can compete with n-6 fattyacid for the enzyme systems to produce EPA and DHA,whichcan block the synthesis of arachidonic acid.EPA can also compete with arachidonic acid in the enzymesystem,block prost

12、aglandin and leukotriene synthesis,therebyinhibiting inflammation.4.8 The importance role of n-3 PUFA4.“Safeguard”of Healthn-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids4.9 The generation mechanism of inflammationInflammation is a defensive response of thebody.When foreign compounds enter thebody and produce abnor

13、mal metabolites,theimmune system will mobilize immune cellstoremovethem,andinflammatorymediators will be produced during thisprocess.Consequently,vascular congestion,tissue edema and other symptoms will occur.Inflammation is the cause of cardiovasculardisease,diabetes and even cancer.Peoplewith a hi

14、gh incidence of inflammation arethree times more likely to have a heartattack than healthy people.4.“Safeguard”of Healthn-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty AcidsROS：reactive oxide species COX：cyclooxygenaseLOX：lipoxygenaseIL：Leukocyte hormoneTNF-：tumor necrosis factor PGE：prostaglandin E2LTB4：Leucotriene B4NF

15、-kB：nuclear transcription factor KBPLA：phospholipase A2Acute inflammation Red and swollen Edema AcheRadicals induced inflammation4.“Safeguard”of Healthn-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty AcidsArachidonic acidStimulationNucleusPhospholipidsProtein BiosynthesisProtein kinasen-3 unsaturated fatty acids have the

16、similar anti-inflammatory effectsas aspirin,while it does not affect the stomach lining.So consumptionof deep-sea fish can reduce the risk of heart disease.Arachidonic acidNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs:Aspirin4.“Safeguard”of Healthn-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty AcidsMembrane phospholipidSteroidal

17、 anti-inflammatory drugs(glucocorticoid)Participate in anaphylaxis Bronchoconstriction Leukocyte chemotaxisinduces inflammation Angiectasis Antiplatelet aggregation Inflammation Fever and pain Contraction of uterus Constricted bronchus Vasoconstrictive effect Vasoconstrictive effect Platelet aggrega

18、tionPGI2synthetaseTXA2synthetase(Platelet)4.10 The relationship of n-6 fatty acids with other disease Cancer Prostate disease 前列腺肥大前列腺肥大4.“Safeguard”of Healthn-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty AcidsAppropriately increase the intake ofn-3 unsaturated fatty acids rich oils,such as deep-sea fish and flaxseedoil

19、,so as to ensure intake of anappropriate proportion of n-3/n-6fatty acids,4.11 Matters need to attention in our daily diet4.“Safeguard”of Healthn-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids1.Triacyglycerides DHA has higher absorptivity and higher safety thanethyl esters fish oil.2.n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

20、can prevent and treat atherosclerosis,and play an important role in nervous system and brain development.3.Excessive intake of n-6 unsaturated fatty acids is likely to causeinflammation and cancer,while n-3 fatty acids are important substancesto inhibit inflammation.We need to keep an appropriate pr

21、oportion ofn-3/n-6 fatty acids in our diet.Summary4.“Safeguard”of Healthn-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids1.Iribarren,C.,Markovitz,J.H.,Jacobs,D.R.,Schreiner,P.J.,Daviglus,M.,&Hibbeln,J.R.(2004).Dietary intake of n-3,n-6 fatty acids and fish:Relationship with hostility in young adultsthe CARDIA study.E

22、uropeanJournal of Clinical Nutrition,58(1),24-31.2.Gr nn,M.,G rbitz,C.,Christensen,E.,Levorsen,A.,Ose,L.,Hagve,T.A.,&Christophersen,B.O.(1991).Dietary n-6 fatty acids inhibit the incorporationof dietary n-3 fatty acids in thrombocyte and serum phospholipids in humans:acontrolled dietetic study.Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratoryinvestigation,51(3),255-263.3.Simopoulos,A.P.(2000).Human requirement for n-3 polyunsaturated fattyacids.Poultry Science,79(7),961-970.References4.“Safeguard”of Healthn-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids