必修4 Unit1 Grammar.ppt

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1、U1P4 GrammarSubject-verb AgreementTheboy_diving.They_diving.BothJackandTim_diving.Allofthem_diving.NeitherJacknorTim_walking.isareareisareFinish the following exercises:BobBob_aworker.isMikeMikeandBob_workers.areBothMikeandBob_workers.areNeitherMikenorBob_ateacher.isBillNeitherofthem_(know)howtoteac

2、hEnglish.knows/knowAllofthem_workers.Noneofthem_(know)howtoteachEnglish.areknows/knowSubject-Verb Agreement 主谓一致主谓一致“主语主语+附属结构附属结构”作主语，谓语与作主语，谓语与主语主语一致一致即主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，谓语也用复数形式。主语是复数形式，谓语也用复数形式。即主语形式上为单数，但意义为复数，即主语形式上为单数，但意义为复数，因此谓语动词用复数形式；或主语形式因此谓语动词用复数形式；或主语形式上为复数，但表

3、示单数意义，这时谓语上为复数，但表示单数意义，这时谓语动词用单数形式。动词用单数形式。即谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式，即谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式，取决于最靠近它的主语。取决于最靠近它的主语。语法一致语法一致意义一致意义一致就近原则就近原则就远原则就远原则 即主语是单数形式，谓语动即主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，谓语也用复数形式。谓语也用复数形式。语法一致语法一致1.当主语由and 连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现时，谓语动词用单数，此时and后面的名词无冠词；如表示不同的人或物时,谓语动词用复数，此时and后面的名

4、词有冠词。Theworkerandwriter_(be)fromWuhan.那个工人兼作家Theworkerandthewriter_(be)fromBeijing.那位工人和那位作家isare（一）谓语动词为单数的情况（一）谓语动词为单数的情况Aknifeandfork_usedtohavemeals.isThesingeranddancer_onthestage.isGoingoutforawalkaftersupperisagoodhabit.晚饭后出去散步是一个好习惯。Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实。Whetherwellgodependsontheweather.我们是否

5、去要取决于天气的好坏。2.非谓语动词（不定式或动名词短语）、名词性从句作主语 时,谓语动词常用单数。例如：1.ReadingEnglishpapersandmagazines_helpfultoourstudyofEnglish.(is/are)2.Whetherhecomesornot_ofnomatter.(is/are)3.Tosay_onething;todo_another.(is/are)4.Listening,speaking,readingandwriting_fourskillsforEnglishstudy.(is/are)5.Wheretofindtheplantandw

6、hattodowithit_stilltheproblemstosettle.(is/are)isisisisareareSomething_(has/have)gonewrongwithmywatch.Anybodywho_(break/breaks)therulewillbepunished.3.不定代词somebody,someone,something,anybody,anything,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,no one,nothing等作主语，谓语动词用单数形式;hasbreaks2every and(every),each and

7、(each),no and(no),many a and(many a)连接两个单数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。Everydeskandeverychairismadeofwood.Manyaboyandgirlhasmadethesamemistake.3one/every one/each/either/the number+of+复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。Eachofthestudentshasabook.4 clothing,furniture,traffic,jewellery,baggage,equipment,luggage 等无生命的集合名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。Clo

8、thingisbadlyneededinthisfloodedarea.5单数名词、抽象名词、物质名词作主语。（二）谓语动词为复数的情况 1.由and 连接的两个并列成分表示两个不同的概念。Bothbreadandbutteraresoldout.2.people,police,cattle 等有生命的集体名词作主语。Thepolicearelookingforthemissingchild.3.goods,stairs,arms 等名词作主语。4由山脉、群岛、瀑布、运动会等s 结尾的专有名词作主语。The Olympic Games are held once every four year

9、s.5.a number of/quantities of/a group of+名词作主语 Twopictures_onthewall,whichattractmanypeople.Onthewall_twopictures,whichattractmanypeople.Theirteacher_amongthestudents,whoisinherthirties.Amongthestudents_theirteacher,whoisinherthirties.（三）倒装句中的语法一致arearestandsstands意义一致意义一致 即主语形式上为单数，但意即主语形式上为单数，但意义为

10、复数，因此谓语动词用复数义为复数，因此谓语动词用复数形式；或主语形式上为复数，但形式；或主语形式上为复数，但表示单数意义，这时谓语动词用表示单数意义，这时谓语动词用单数形式。单数形式。1.由集体名词,如group,family,class,government,team,public,enemy,crowd,audience,club,party,crew等作主语时,强调整体用单数，强调个体成员用复数。Hisfamilyisverylarge.他家是一个大家庭。Hisfamilyaremusiclovers.他的家人都是音乐爱好者。意义一致：Theteam_somegoodplayers.(h

11、ave)Theteam_handsome.(be)hasare1.Theresearchgroup(is,are)madeupoffivepeople.2.What(do,does)thegroupwantfortheirlunch?3.Ourfamily(is,are)notpooranymore.4.Hehastoworry.Hisfamily(is,are)waitingforhim.5.Theclass(is,are)morethanfortyinnumber.isdoisareis6.Theclass(have,has)disagreedamongthemselvesaboutwhe

12、retheyshouldgoandhaveapicnic.7.Thegovernment(has,have)spentmorethantwomillionyuaninplantingtrees.8.Thecitygovernment(has,have)differentopinionsaboutnextyearsplan.havehashave注意：但集体名词为people,police,cattle等在多数情况下谓语动词都用复数形式。9.Thepolice_(is,are)searchingforthethief.areNeitherdog_big.(A.isB.are)Neitheroft

13、hem_big.ANeitheroftherabbits_handsome.A/BNeitherrabbit_handsome.AA/B2.all,none,neither,some,any 等不定代词作主语，根据其指代的内容而定。All are present.All the food tastes good.neitherofnoneof不可数名词+可数名词neither+单数名词谓语动词用单数或复数How to use none and neither？谓语动词用单数谓语动词用单数3.Neitherofus_(was/were)readywhenthepartybegan.4.Noneo

14、fthem_(has/have)watchedthetalkshow.have/haswas/were1.Noneofthesepeople_doctors.A.hasB.haveC.areD.was2.Neitherofthem_agoodsinger.A.wasB.isC.wereD.isusedtobeCB3.表示时间、距离、金钱等复数名词作主语，表达一个整体概念时,谓语动词则用单数形式;Twoyears_passedsinceIleftNingbo;Onemilliondollars_agreatsumofmoney.1.Everymeans_beentriedsincethen.A.

15、hasB.haveC.areD.is2.Nonews_goodnews.(is/are)3.Maths_thesubjectthatIlikemost.(is/are)4.以-s 结尾的名词，本身不表示复数意义，但表示学科、国家、机构、书籍、报刊等名称作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。如news,maths,physics,the United States,works等作主语。hasisisishas5means,works,pains等词，根据主语表达的概念而定。Thesteelworksisnearthestation.Twonewsteelworksarebeingbuilt.6kind,s

16、ort,pair，type+名词作主语，以这些名词本身的单复数而定。7.half/most/enough/part/the rest/the last/lots/plenty/分数、百分数+of+名词作主语,谓语动词的形式与of 后面的名词的数一致。Tenpercentofthepupils_absenttoday.Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearth_sea.areis高考链接1.As a result of destroying the forests,a large _ of desert _ covered the land.(上海）A.number;

17、has B.quantity;hasC.number;have D.quantity;have 精析：a large number of 后面要接复数名词，所以A不能作为答案因为desert是单数，所以要填 has这句话的意思是“毁坏森林的结果是，大片沙漠覆盖了陆地”答案 B2._ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass.(上海2000)A.Two fifth,is B.Two fifth,are C.Two fifths,is D.Two fifths,are精析:分数的分子用基数词,分母用序数词表示.如果分子大

18、于1,序数词后加-s.分数和百分比作主语时,谓语动词的形式取决于分数和百分数后面的名词.句子中的主语 land是单数,所以谓语动词要用 is covered.答案C.3-Each of the students,working hard at his or her lessons,_ to go to university.-So do I.（全国1998）A.hopes B.hope C.hoping D.do hope精析：这句话的主语是 Each of the students，是单数，所以要 hopes 选作谓语。现在分词短语working hard at his or her les

19、sons 作状语，表示伴随的情况。有的考生盲目地把 lessons 当成了主语，填写了hope，发生了错误。本题的译文：每一个努力学习的学生都想上大学。我也是。答案 A。4._ people in the world are sending information by e-mail every day.（上海2001）A.Several million B.Many millionsC.Several millions D.Many million精析：在Million前如果有具体的数字或 several等词时，要用单数形式。Many一般不与 million等词连用，表示“数百万”，英语为

20、millions of。这句话的意思是“每天，世界上有几十万人通过 e-mail传递信息。”答案 A。e.g.Tomisoneofthestudentswho_goodatplayingfootball.Tomistheonlyoneofthestudentswho_goodatplayingfootball.areis注意在“one of+复数名词+关系代词”的结构中，定语从句中谓语动词用复数形式；但是若前有the only,将其限定为只有一个时,谓语动词用单数形式.8.“one of+复数名词+关系代词”的结构9.theadj.作主语theadj.,表示一类人，谓语动词用复数，如the o

21、ld,the young,the rich,the poor等the+adj.,表示某个人或一类抽象的事物，谓语动词用单数，如the beautiful,the good等Theold_takengoodcareofinoursociety.Therich_forthedecisionbutthepoorareagainstit.Thewounded_ayoungboy.Thebeautiful_notalwaysthesameasthegood.arearewasis 即谓语动词用单数形式还即谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式，取决于最靠近他是用复数形式，取决于最靠近他的主语。的主语。就近原则

22、就近原则就近一致原则 由or,either or,neithernor,not onlybut also 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词常和靠近的作主语的名词单复数上保持一致。NotonlyhebutalsoIaminvited.Neithermyglovesnormyhatgoeswiththedress.Thereare56desksandonetelevisioninourclassroom.Thereisonetelevisionand56desksinourclassroom.存在句:There be.结构 HereThere+Verb AandB A,BandCNotonlyyoubu

23、talsohe_wrong.(is/are)Neitheryounorhe_right.(is/are)There_twoshopsandacinemabesidetherailwaystation.(is/are)Here_amapandahandbookforyou.(is/are)isisareis_1Oneortwodays_enoughtoseethecityAisBareCamDbe2Nottheteacher，butthestudents_lookingforwardtoseeingthefilmAisBareCamDbe3.Not only I but also Jane an

24、d Mary _ tired of having one examination after another A.is B.are Cam Dbe4.Neither my wife nor I myself _ able to persuade my daughter to change her mind Ais B.are Cam Dbe5.Either she or you_ going to visit Beijing.A.is B.are Cam Dbe6.Many a man_ the story.A.believes B.believe 7.More than one man _d

25、ied in the accident.A.has B.have 8.More than five men _died in the accident.A.has B.have AAB就远原则就远原则 “主语主语+附属结构附属结构”作作主语，谓语与主语，谓语与主语主语一致一致在主语+with,along with,together with,as well as,as much as,no less/more than,like,rather than,but,except,besides,including+名词 结构中，谓语动词的单复数和前面的主语保持一致。就远原则1.The teache

26、r with two students _ at the meeting.(was/were)2.E-mail,as well as the telephones,_ an important part in daily communication.A.is playing B.have played C.are playing D.play wasA1Nobody but Betty and Mary _ late for class yesterday Awas Bwere Chas been Dhave been2A woman with some children _ soon Ais

27、 coming Bare coming Chas come Dhave come3.Everything,including the clothes,_ stolen that evening.A.is B.was C.are D.were7Nooneexceptmyparents_anythingaboutthis.AknowBknowsCisknownDareknown8Theteacheraswellasthestudents_thebookalreadyAhasreadBhavereadCarereadingDisreading9Allbutone_intheaccidentAwask

28、illedBwerekilledCwillbekilledDarekilled1Oneortwodays_enoughtoseethecityAisBareCamDBe2NeithermywifenorImyself_abletopersuademydaughtertochangehermindAisBareCamDbeExercises:3NotonlyIbutalsoJaneandMary_tiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranotherAisBareCamDbe4Not the teacher，but the students _lookingforward

29、toseeingthefilmAisBareCamDbeExercises:5NobodybutBettyandMary_lateforclassyesterdayAwasBwereChasbeenDhavebeen6Awomanwithsomechildren_soonAiscomingBarecomingChascomeDhavecomeExercises:7Nooneexceptmyparents_anythingaboutthis.AknowBknowsCisknownDareknown8Theteacheraswellasthestudents_thebookalreadyAhasr

30、eadBhavereadCarereadingDisreading9Allbutone_intheaccidentAwaskilledBwerekilledCwillbekilledDarekilled10.NotonlyIbutalsoJaneandMary_tiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.A.isB.areC.amD.be11.Alibrarywithfivethousandbooks_tothenationasagift.A.isofferedB.hasofferedC.areofferedD.haveoffered12.Whenandwh

31、eretobuildthenewfactory_yet.A.isnotdecidedB.arenotdecidedC.hasnotdecidedD.havenotdecided13.Thenumberofpeopleinvited_fifty,butanumberofthem_absentfordifferentreasons.A.were;wasB.was;wasC.was;wereD.were;were14.E-mail,aswellastelephones,_animportantpartindailycommunication.A.isplayingB.haveplayedC.arep

32、layingD.play15._ofthelandinthatdistrict_coveredwithtreesandgrass.A.Twofifth;is B.Twofifth;areC.Twofifths;isD.Twofifths;are16Noonebutherparents_it.A.knowB.knowsC.isknowingD.areknowing17.Theresultsoftheexamination_thatyouhaveallmadegreat_.A.show;progressB.shows;progressC.show;progressesD.shows;progresses18.Here_anewpairofshoesforyou.A.isB.areC.haveD.hasHomework1.Finishexercisesonpages4-52.Finishworkbookpage43usingstructures1,2,3.